2. INTRODUCTION
•What are the loads?
-Simply, loads are some sort of
force.
•Major types of loads:
1.Dead loads. (red arrow)
- Exerted by the weight of the element of
the structure.
2.Live loads. (rest arrow)
- Exerted by any temporary force acting
on the structure
Loads in simple structure
3. DEAD LOADS
• Dead Loads are those loads which are
considered to act permanently; they are
"dead," stationary, and unable to be
removed.
• The self-weight of the structural members
normally provides the largest portion of the
dead load of a building.
Exerted by the weight of the element of the
structure
5. • Live Loads are not permanent
and can change in magnitude.
•They include items found within
a building
LIVE LOADS
All the arrows indicate the live loads unless the
red one
6. LIVE LOADS
WIND LOAD:-
Wind load
• The wind's relatively large
projected areas can develop
substantial forces in the structure.
8. • Earthquake loads are another lateral
live load.
•They are very complex, uncertain, and
potentially more damaging than wind
loads.
LIVE LOADS
EARTHQUAKE LOADS:
Mass tends to remain in its original
position, deformation due to sudden
ground moving take place at the
base
9. LIVE LOADS
• Buildings have been demolished by the
earthquake loads, that happened because it
have not been designed to deal with these
loads. The earthquake was in Qamm in
Iran.
EARTHQUAKE LOADS:
10. HYDROSTATIC AND SOIL
PRESSURE
• When building a wall, whether it is a
basement wall or an outdoor retaining
wall, it is necessary to make it strong
enough to resist the pressure differential
from the soil side to the open side.
• This pressure will consist of two
elements:
•Soil Pressure, which is a function of the
soil depth and type.
•Hydrostatic pressure, which will be
simply the depth of the wall times the
density of water
11. LOAD COMBINATION
• Designing steel or concrete
structures involves
considering combinations of
load; therefore, most
structural engineers are quite
familiar with assessing the
probability of various load
combinations.
• As an example, it is unlikely
that any bridge will need to
resist full design vehicle load,
design wind load, and the
structure's self-weight
simultaneously.
The load combination is clear in this figure, we
can see the dead load and the live load
including its kinds like weight of furniture and
people, wind load and snow loads.
12. POINT LOAD OR
CONCENTRATED LOAD
A B
W1 W2
• The load concentrated at one
point is called point load.
•Unit of point load is N or
kN.
e.g. 20kN,100N etc. W1 and W2 are point loads.
13. UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
A B
• Load uniformly distributed on certain length of a beam is called uniformly distributed load.
•It is written as u.d.l.
•It is shown by w.
•Unit of u.d.l. is kN/m or N/m.
14. UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD
• This type of load gradually increase or decrease on the length of the beam.
•It is also called triangular load.
