1. PREVENTION OF HIV
TRANSMISSION

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 At
the end of this session, you will be able
to:
 Explain the different prevention measures
 Demonstrate correct use of condoms
 Explain dual protection
 Demonstrate ability to counsel for prevention

3. PREVENTION OF BLOOD
TRANSMISSION
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Transfuse only fully screened blood and blood
products
Avoid sharing skin piercing objects or sharps e.g.
razor blades, needles, intravenous drug injection.
Avoid unnecessary blood transfusion
Avoid touching all body fluids with bare hands
Always use gloves when handling blood and body
fluids
If skin-piercing instruments must be re-used,
disinfect in bleach

4. PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILDTRANSMISSION (PMTCT) OF HIV
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HCT plays a vital role in reducing MTCT by helping to identify
mothers who are HIV positive for treatment, care and support. The
following PMTCT options are available:
Short-course antiretroviral treatment: to the mother during
pregnancy and labour and sometimes also to the baby and mother
afterwards
Highly Active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART): the use of a full
course anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for a positive pregnant woman
can also be used in place of short-course anti-retroviral drugs
Planned Caesarean section: this reduces the risk of transmission
during birth, but it is not an option to use widely because of the
high cost and possible risks to the mother
Changed breastfeeding practice: total replacement feeding from
birth, or exclusive breastfeeding followed by abrupt weaning at 3-6
months, or heat-treating expressed breast milk has been
demonstrated to reduce MTCT

5. PREVENTION OF SEXUAL TRANSMISSION

Abstinence: Abstaining from sex will help people not
to be infected with HIV and AIDS. This needs a lot of
targeted messages for behavioural change. It
requires a strong decision to reach to conclusion of
abstinence. Youths require education on relevant life
skills that will help them not to indulge in sex before
marriage and remain faithful in marriage. The more
people you have unprotected penetrative sex with,
the more likely you are to meet someone with HIV
and become infected yourself. The same applies to
your partner. Some ways of having sex carry a
higher risk than others e.g. anal sex

6.  Faithfulness:
Being faithful in this context
refers to an individual having sexual
relationship with one partner and vice versa.
If such faithful partners have tested HIV
negative, they do not have to use condoms
unless advised by the doctor or a family
planning specialist.

7.  Condom
Use/ Safer Sex: Safer sex is any
sexual practice that prevents exchange of
semen, vaginal fluids or blood between
partners. Correct use of condom will prevent
HIV transmission from one partner to another
during sexual intercourse. Currently there
are male and female condoms available
which when properly used, can help protect
against many sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), including HIV. Even if a woman uses
another contraceptive method, such as the
pill, the couple still needs to use a condom to
protect each other from HIV.

8.  REMEMBER
CORRECT AND CONSISTENT
USE OF CONDOMS DURING SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE IS EFFECTIVE IN
REDUCING THE RISK OF HIV
TRANSMISSION AS WELL AS OTHER
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

9. COUNSELLING FOR PREVENTION IS THE CORE
BUSINESS IN HCT.
 Once a person has known his/her HIV status, whether
positive or negative it is important that they prevent
either transmission of HIV to other people or
contracting HIV themselves.
 Usually the most challenged prevention method is the
use of condoms as there are many socio–cultural
obstacles to their use. the table below identifies some
of these and what effective responses can be used for
these obstacles

10. Male Condom demonstration

11. Female condom insertion demonstration
1
4
2
3
5
6

12. 7
9
8
10

13. MAIN BARRIERS TO CONDOM USE AND EFFECTIVE RESPONSES
BARRIERS
EFFECTIVE RESPONSES
Societal, cultural and religious
disapproval including stigma
Stress cultural and societal benefits;
include condoms as one of the
approaches to HIV and STI
prevention, educate on widespread
evidence that condoms do not
increase promiscuity.
Lack of awareness, especially among
the young, about HIV, STIs, and
condom’s effectiveness, myths,
Multiple strategies for information
misinformation, including peer education
and participatory behaviour change
communication. Teach how to use
misconceptions and misinformation
Lack of control over condom
use
condoms correctly
Promote negotiation skills, particularly for
women and work towards greater gender
equality in education, work and
relationships to build self esteem and
social skills.

14. MAIN BARRIERS TO CONDOM USE AND EFFECTIVE
RESPONSES cont…
Implications for trust and fidelity in
stable partnerships especially
marriage.
De-stigmatise condom use, promote the link
between condom use and respect, care, love and the
desire to protect; promote condom use for
contraception as well as HIV/STI prevention;
encourage communication between couples
Lack of availability of condoms due
to: cost, access, lack of privacy at
points of sale or distribution,
inadequate promotion.
Social marketing and free government
distribution, including distribution through
shops, hotels, bars, markets, workplaces,
schools, colleges, and prisons; vending
machines or placing boxes of condoms in
washrooms can prevent embarrassment in
obtaining condoms.
Personal dislikes of condoms or
condom failure (particularly where dry
sex is practised or other activity that
puts high stress on the condom)
Poor quality or design of condoms,
poor storage
Market condoms as trendy and
recommend use of water-based lubricant
to avoid breakage. Extra strong condom
can be used if possible; educate people
about the risks in sexual practices such
as dry sex or severe genital rubbing.
Enforce strict guidelines for condom
promotion and for quality control

15. Dual Protection
This is protecting ones self from both unwanted pregnancy and STI/HIV at
the same time.
Dual protection can be achieved by:
1. Using a male or female condom correctly every time one has sex OR
2. Using a condom AND another family planning method in addition OR
3. Abstinence OR
4. Avoiding all types of penetrative sex OR
5. Using any contraceptive method AND mutual monogamy (absolute
faithfulness) among uninfected partners
Dual protection is important for ALL OF US, especially:
*Sexually active young persons
*Men who put themselves and their partners at risk because of their
sexual behavior
*Women or men who are at risk because of the high-risk sexual behaviors
of their partners
*Individuals or partners of those who have an STI and/or HIV
*Sexually active people in settings where the prevalence of STIs and/or
HIV is high.
*Commercial sex workers

16. Thanks for Listening