4. BACKGROUND
• Immediate, underlying, and intermediate factors determine health
and nutrition
• Immediate: lack of food, low utilization/poor quality of health care
• Underlying: family income, education, cultural
• Intermediate: mother education influences impact of clean water on child
health (ex. higher education more awareness, more productive use of
knowledge)
• Child health determinant groups: child characteristics,
socioeconomic, household, environmental
5. BACKGROUND
• Previous studies show impact of mother’s income on child health
(+)
• Few studies trace the influence of mother’s wealth due to lack of
data on mother asset ownership in developing countries
• Previous evidence in Papua New Guinea:
• Adding a boy increases household spending, adding a girl does not
• Poor access to roads and public transportation hinders health care
access, especially for women and children
• Lack of improvement in child health at odds with global trends
6. BACKGROUND
• Papua New Guinea is one of the world’s most rural countries
(86% live in rural areas)
• Over 1/3 live in the Highland Region with poor infrastructure
• 80% in rugged/coastal terrain without access to roads/public
transportation
• High dependency ratio compared to other Asian countries
• Communicable diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and
mortality
• Malnutrition is thought to be the leading cause of child death
7. HIES
• 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure
Survey
• Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG), World Bank, United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Australian Aid for International Development
(AusAID)
• Third HIES in PNG (prior:1975-76, 1996-1997)
• Family demography, education, health, employment and consumption
data
• Use to construct Consumer Price Index
• 4,079 households
• 22,698 individuals, 2,926 children < 60 months
8. MODEL
Child health: stunting, underweight, wasting (WHO standards)
Child characteristics: age (< 60 months old), gender
Socioeconomic: expenditure quintile, mother’s education, mother’s
assets
Household: number of children in HH, mother smokes, improved
toilet, clean water
Geographic: region, rural
11. EMPIRICAL PLAN
• OLS (1) and quantile (2) regression
(1) Yi = α0 + α1 Ai + α2 Xi + εi
(2) 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜏 𝑌𝑖 = 𝛼 𝜏 0 + 𝛼 𝜏 1 𝐴𝑖 + 𝛼 𝜏 2 𝑋𝑖 + 𝜀 𝜏 𝑖
• Dependent variable = z-scores for OLS and quantile regression
• = 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 0.90, 0.95
12. EMPIRICAL PLAN
• Asset measures (Ai):
• Individual asset dummies
• One per regression (6 separate regressions; only for OLS)
• Asset indexes from principle components
• Two factors, food production and shelter
• Both in one regression
• Standardized asset index (one with and one without house)
• Sum of z-scores for each individual asset
• One per regression