THE INTEGRATION OF RPAS IN CIVIL AIRSPACE by Andrea Maccapani

Liability, responsibility and insurance in
automated socio-technical systems:
the integration of RPAS in commercial air space
ALIASII Conference
Firenze. October 2014

2
Introduction - Finmeccanica Group
A safer and smarter society
• Our vision
• Our values
Key facts
• An international leader
• A customer focused organization
• Management
• Innovation
• Corporate responsibility
Our Divisions
• Airborne and Space Systems
• Land and Naval Systems
• Security and Smart Systems

3
© 2014 Selex ES S.p.A. – Tutti I diritti riservati
Finmeccanica Today
HELICOPTERS
AgustaWestland
NHIndustries
Revenues
EUR 4,243 mil.
DEFENCE AND SECURITY
ELECTRONICS
DRS Technologies
Selex ES
Revenues
EUR 5,754 mil.
Workforce
25,183
Workforce
13,050
AERONAUTICS
Alenia Aermacchi
ATR
Eurofighter GmbH
SuperJet International
Revenues
EUR 2,974 mil.
Workforce
11,708
DEFENCE SYSTEMS
Oto Melara
WASS
MBDA
Revenues
EUR 1,256 mil.
Workforce
3,963
SPACE
Telespazio
Thales Alenia Space
Revenues
EUR 1,053 mil.
Workforce
4,131
TRANSPORTATION
AnsaldoBreda
Ansaldo STS
BredaMenarinibus
Revenues
EUR 1,719 mil.
Workforce
6,568

4
A safer and smarter society
A complex scenario New challenges

5
Becoming the benchmark for our Clients and Partners in delivering technological
excellence in electronic systems and solutions for a safer, smarter society.
Our vision

6
RESPECT
We respect each other, and we believe in working
together
INNOVATION
We nurture a culture in which we accept tough
challenges, and drive new ideas
INTEGRITY
We are open, accountable and responsive
CUSTOMER INTIMACY
We know and respect our customers and become their
trusted providers
PEOPLE EXCELLENCE
We value diversity, embracing cultures and treat
everyone with dignity and respect.
Our values

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• 17,000 people
• Revenues in excess of 3.2 billion Euros
• More than 17.5% of investment in R&D
• 70% engineers and personnel with technical
qualifications
• Worldwide industrial footprint
Key facts

8
We deliver to a diverse customer base the information superiority required to act
decisively through:
• World class products and systems
• Unique experience in systems integration
• Proprietary discriminating technologies
• A reliable gateway to emerging capabilities
• A clear strategy on dual use capabilities
• Cost effective tailored, flexible training and services
• A reliable partner to work with
A customer focused organisation

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• Industrial and commercial footprint in the US, Germany, Turkey, Romania,
Brazil and Saudi Arabia
• Fully owned subsidiaries across the globe
An international leader

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Innovation is in our DNA
• From Universities, Academia and SMEs to European
funded projects and EDA, ESA, ASI and NATO
programmes to innovation activities rooted in home markets,
Selex ES invests and nurtures innovation wherever it will
grow
• Focused on new technologies and emerging domains to
widen our capability and provide the answers required by
technological innovation
• With an overall strategy to ensure technological growth,
Selex ES has in-house laboratories devoted to specific areas
of applied research and effective integration of innovative
components within the existing capability portfolio
• Protection of intellectual property through both patent and
trademark registration and in-house initiatives that stimulate
the proposal of new ideas
• Continuous and stable investment in Research and
Development on key technologies with collaboration in joint
research and innovation with a wide range of partners.

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Corporate responsibility
Corporate social responsibility is an essential part of
our business:
• Selex ES is committed to embodying ethical
behaviours that make a positive impact on the
environment, customers, employees, stakeholders and
communities alike
• We have adopted a Charter of Values to guide strategy
and the daily activities of all those who work and
collaborate with the business
• We carefully manage production processes to ensure
the least possible environmental impact, with rigorous
adherence to health and safety in the workplace
• We support a variety of educational community and
business initiatives within the communities in which we
operate
• We recognise our responsibilities to partners across
the supply chain, enduring partnerships that deliver
sustainable growth in the territories we work in.

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Airborne and Space Systems
• Radar and Advanced Targeting
• Air Systems, Unmanned
Systems and Simulators
• Electronic Warfare
• Avionics
• Space Systems
• Support and Service Solutions
Land and Naval Systems
• Naval & Air Defence Systems
• Land & Battlefield Systems
• Optronics Systems
• Defence Communications
Systems
• Support & Service Solutions
Our Divisions
Security and Smart Systems
• Homeland Security & Critical
Infrastructures
• Cyber Security & Information
Assurance
• Air & Vessel Traffic Management
Systems
• Automation Systems
• ICT & Networking
• Smart Solutions

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Selex ES Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems

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REMOTELY PILOTED AIR SYSTEM: MY CONCEPT
• The «system» is composed inseparably by
the following elements:
• Hardware (both air and ground)
• Software
• The «operator» and the «pilot»
• If only one of this elements «glitches» or
«malfunctions» the mission is compromised
and there is a serious possibility of occurring
in an incident or ultimately an accident.
© Copyright Selex ES. All rights reserved
Hardware
Software
Operator
and Pilot
©CopyrightSelexESS.p.AAllrightsreserved

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THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS
• When used professionally, are aircrafts,
but “remotely” piloted.
• As every “human-machine” action and
interaction, poses a “risk” for other airspace
users, or most likely “third parties” on
ground.
• The main mission is to avoid risk to
human life in “air” missions
– are perfect for 3D (or 4D) missions (or as targets)
– are a valid tool to be employed in “height”
inspections, mapping and security
© Copyright Selex ES. All rights reserved

16© Copyright Selex ES Ltd 2013 All rights reserved
Activities Starts in the mid ‘50es
Stabilimento Ronchi dei Legionari
P1 Launch
… sea recovery

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UNMANNED SYSTEMS HERITAGE IN SELEX ES
Meteor P1
1959
CT 20
1973
Mirach 70
1978
Mirach 100/2
1988
N.A.M.F.I. Tactical Firings
1996
Mirach 100/4
RAM CFG
Locusta
Secondary Target2005
Mirach 100
Recce
1978
Mirach 100/2 Recce
1982
CL-89 Mirach 150
1998
Fast Recce (Nibbio/Carapas)
2005
1986
Mirach 20 Mirach 26 Falco Maiden
Flight
1997 2003
2006
1st cross-national Civil Aviation
clearance for a UAS in Europe
1st Civil Aviation
clearance for a UAS in Italy
2005
Dual P/L OPS
2008
Falco EVO
2012
Mirach 100/5
1998 Mirach 100/X
2008
UTRI’s ASIO
& other MUASs
ASIO-B
SPYBALL
CREX-B DRAKO-K5DRAKO-K2

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SELEX ES - RPAS
MEDIUM RANGE UAS
SHORT RANGE UAS
Mini – Micro UAS
Spyball-B
Crex-B
Drako-K5
Asio-B
©CopyrightSelexESS.p.AAllrightsreserved(*)incooperationwithPiaggioAero
Falco
Falco - EVO
P1HH(*)
Control Station for
Mini UAS
CONTROL STATION FOR FALCO AND P1HH(*)

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«military»
applications«civil & blue lights» applications
Main Application
Disaster
Management
Advanced
agriculture and
environmental
protection
Smart
“Applications”
& Large Events
Cartography
Aerial mapping
and 3D
Visualization
Critical
infrastructures
monitoring and
inspections
Intelligence
Surveillance
Reconnissance
Missions
©CopyrightSelexES.Allrightsreserved

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RPAS IN THE «COMMERCIAL» AIRSPACE

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• The «design» and the «operation» of an RPAS
system is far more complicate than a
«manned» platform:
– Has «multiple segments» that has to be interfaced
seamlessly and with the highest degree of
resilience, reliability and redundancy
– Should manifest a «predictable» failure modes
(graceful degradation) as the «situation awareness»
of the remote pilot and his «sense of fear» is
dramatically different - automatic task support
features
– To this, also new approaches of Human Machine
Interaction shall be explored – «proactive cognitive
environment» - CAMMI project
One issue:

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• The «legal» framework is in place, mutated from manned aviation,
– but has to be tailored , trimmed and extended to fit peculiarities of RPAS, as
complementary to «manned aviation» according to a flexible and proportionate approach
– Responsibility: Rome Convention (1952) Art. 1
– Liability: Rome Convention (1952) Art. 2
– Insurances: REGULATION (EC) No 785/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 21 April 2004
• Are applicable to some extents for operations with “light” RPAS
Some thoughts about…

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• The next step:
– Automatic (Robotic) Systems & Swarms
• Specific responsibilities (and therefore standards),
are to be employed in the C2 link to assure its
solidity and inviolability.
– What if a drone is “hijacked” and used with different scopes by
another subject?
• Also the payload link is subject to specific
responsibilities, as could be eavesdropped, or could
be “jammed” or “tampered” to harm mission
success
– What if a video feed is published by an hacker on Social
Networks and infringes privacy laws?
Some thoughts about…

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Conclusions
• Selex ES is a solid reality of the aerospace sector in Italy and worldwide, in
both manned and unmanned aviation
• Currently, we are witnessing and shaping a new aviation sector, complex
as, or far more complex, compared to «traditional» aviation, but with great
outlook, especially in the civil applications.
• “Tailored” paradigms in term of System Design, and Operational issues,
and connected with Responsibility, Liability and Insurances, shall be
proposed and put in place in order to permit this sector to be exploited to
its full possibilities.

GRAZIE PER LA VOSTRA ATTENZIONE
Andrea Maccapani
Andrea.maccapani@selex-es.com

THE INTEGRATION OF RPAS IN CIVIL AIRSPACE by Andrea Maccapani

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