HST 181 How to Approach the Case Study Paper (Module 6) In light of the background reading from Wright, you need to consider the primary sources on African Americans. I’ve provided three guided questions to assist you with your analysis: 1. 2. 3. You don’t need answer each of these questions in turn in your paper (this isn’t a worksheet to complete), but overall are the things you should consider in your paper. Here are some suggestions for successful papers: 1. Identify the central question of the case study (see above). 2. Use the primary sources (not the secondary background) to answer the central question. 3. Use the secondary source (Wright) to provide context for the primary sources, where needed. Wright can help fill in the gaps between the primary sources or to help explain issues that might appear in the primary sources, but the strongest papers will use “primarily” the primary sources to build their argument. 4. Make sure your paper is well organized. It should have an introduction that addresses the central question. It should have organized paragraphs that address each central issue in turn and uses the primary sources as evidence. And it should have a conclusion. 5. Don’t summarize the primary sources, beginning at the beginning and moving forward, but use the primary sources to answer the question and make an argument. Overall, what impressions do African Americans and European American express about each other in the readings and portraits? What factors represent dominance or submission, respect or contempt, trust or distrust between black and white colonists? How did enslaved Africans and European colonists adapt to the insistent diversity imposed on each by the other? TRADE IN BRAZIL2 BU532 International Economics Prof.: Dr. Kim, Rachel Brazil’s International Trade Regulations Bruna Martins Southern States University Running head: TRADE IN BRAZIL1 Brazil’s International Trade Regulations The international trade patterns and compositions started to witness many shifts at the dawn of the 21ST Century, especially due to the evolution in the process of economic evolution. Consequently, the scope of cross-border trading has become more complex and wider. The implication is a multi-layered relational framework that links foreign direct investment, the support services of core activities of companies, and international trade as a result of fragmentation of production in terms of tasks and its global value chains’ geographic dispersion. Consequently, the traditionally more closed Brazil’s economic policies have begun to shift. Brazil began to open its trade and investment regime policies since its last economic depression and recession about six years ago (Oliveira, 2017). The result include a decentralized but more market-driven environment via prices and state monopolies deregulation, privatization and privatization, and liberalization of investments. Furthermore, the World Trade Organization (WTO) reports th ...

1. HST 181
How to Approach the Case Study Paper (Module 6)
In light of the background reading from Wright, you need to
consider the primary sources on African Americans. I’ve
provided three guided questions to assist you with your
analysis:
1. 2. 3.
You don’t need answer each of these questions in turn in your
paper (this isn’t a worksheet to complete), but overall are the
things you should consider in your paper.
Here are some suggestions for successful papers:
1. Identify the central question of the case study (see above).
2. Use the primary sources (not the secondary background) to
answer the central question.
3. Use the secondary source (Wright) to provide context for the
primary sources, where needed. Wright can help fill in the gaps
between the primary sources or to help explain issues that might
appear in the primary sources, but the strongest papers will use
“primarily” the primary sources to build their argument.
4. Make sure your paper is well organized. It should have an
introduction that addresses the central question. It should have
organized paragraphs that address each central issue in turn and
uses the primary sources as evidence. And it should have a
conclusion.
5. Don’t summarize the primary sources, beginning at the
beginning and moving forward, but use the primary sources to
answer the question and make an argument.
Overall, what impressions do African Americans and European
American
express about each other in the readings and portraits?
What factors represent dominance or submission, respect or
contempt, trust
or distrust between black and white colonists?
How did enslaved Africans and European colonists adapt to the

2. insistent
diversity imposed on each by the other?
TRADE IN BRAZIL2
BU532 International Economics
Prof.: Dr. Kim, Rachel
Brazil’s International Trade Regulations
Bruna Martins
Southern States University
Running head: TRADE IN BRAZIL1
Brazil’s International Trade Regulations
The international trade patterns and compositions started to
witness many shifts at the dawn of the 21ST Century, especially
due to the evolution in the process of economic evolution.
Consequently, the scope of cross-border trading has become
more complex and wider. The implication is a multi-layered
relational framework that links foreign direct investment, the
support services of core activities of companies, and
international trade as a result of fragmentation of production in
terms of tasks and its global value chains’ geographic

3. dispersion.
Consequently, the traditionally more closed Brazil’s economic
policies have begun to shift. Brazil began to open its trade and
investment regime policies since its last economic depression
and recession about six years ago (Oliveira, 2017). The result
include a decentralized but more market-driven environment via
prices and state monopolies deregulation, privatization and
privatization, and liberalization of investments. Furthermore,
the World Trade Organization (WTO) reports that greater
flexibility and improved resource allocation have enabled the
Brazilian economy to deal with unfavorable internal and
external shocks thus facilitate a rapid financial recovery (World
Trade Organization, 2000).
The transformation has come with much opportunity. Market-set
exchange rate has enabled the country to decrease, or alleviate
measures that initially caused the restriction of supposed
exports or imports and create a definitive departure from all
forms of formerly protective trade policies. The progressive
policies have fostered an undistorted balance between export
and large domestic offer, and achieve and sustain greater
economic growth through its offer of a positive strategy towards
the realization of such opportunities.
The foreign direct investment (FDI) FOR Brazil has continued
to exponentially increase since1996, surpassing US$30 billion
in 1999 due to its stimulation of privatization (World Trade
Organization, 2000). Brazil’s internal market is very attractive,
has reflects a better share to MERCOSUR markets’ access, and
has an enhanced policy environments’ market orientation. Brazil
remains the largest country in Latin America, and the second
largest in the Western Hemisphere, only after the United States
of America. Furthermore, it remains the largest exporter of
several agricultural products and produce in the world,
including sugar, orange juice, and coffee. The European Union
(EU), MERCOSUR (including Argentina and Uruguay) are the
leading markets for Brazilian products, while the leading
suppliers to Brazilian markets include Argentina, United States,

4. and EU, in increasing order (World Bank Organization, 2020).
For instance, according to the US Census Bureau, Brazil has had
a net import and export totals of US$ 181,230,498.36 and
US$239,887,754.93, respectively, thus leading to a positive
trade balance of US$ 58,657,256.58 (in thousands), with the US
(United States Census Bureau, 2019).
Foreign trade in Brazil is governed by many resolutions,
decrees, provisional measures, and laws which are also
frequently amended. However, international trade regulations in
the country are very complex (Ayub, 2017; Novatrade, 2016).
Non-residents are exclusively taxed at source based in their
Brazilian-sourced income whereas residents the taxation of
residents is based on their worldwide income (International
Living, 2020). The main trade instrument in Brazil is tariffs
computed through a plan which converges or leans the Common
External Tariff (CET) of MERCOSUR (World Trade
Organization, 2000). Furthermore, the country adopted a
computerized system for customs clearance, or SISCOMEX to
simplify its custom clearance (Australian Trade and Investment
Commission, 2020). The other import policies include the
contingency measures like anti-dumping laws and automatic
import licenses for trade law monitoring and statistical
purposes.
Brazil regularly uses export promotion policies. The practice
aids the country to offset its domestic inefficiencies like
overvalued exchange rates, cascading tax system, inefficient
financial intermediation, and poor infrastructure. As a founding
member of the WTO, Brazil upholds the five basic principles of
global trading systems, including safety valves, transparency,
enforceable and binding commitments, reciprocity, and non-
discrimination. However, the European Commission has
recently reported that Brazil has resorted to several potentially
trade-restrictive measures.
Its domestic market is protected using applied customs duty
averaging at 13.5% (European Commission, 2019). The tariff
and non-tariff barriers inhibits open and stable regulatory

5. environment for foreign traders and investors. However, Brazil
sees the trade protection policies to cause the consumption of
Brazilian products and produce within the local market
(International Monetary Fund, 2019). The country is however
opening up and implementing newer international trade
regulations that would open up the Brazilian market to more
global trade.
References
Australian Trade and Investment Commission. (2020). Doing
Business - Tariffs and Regulations - Brazil - For Australian
Exporters. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from Australian
Government:
https://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Export/Export-
markets/Countries/Brazil/Doing-business/Tariffs-and-
regulations
Ayub, C. (2017, January 4). Brazilian Trade Regulations ‘Too
Complex’. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from World Finance:
https://www.worldfinance.com/strategy/legal-
management/brazilian-trade-regulations-too-complex
European Commission. (2019, May 7). Brazil - Trade -
European Commission . Retrieved February 4, 2020, from
European Commission:
https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-
regions/countries/brazil/
International Living. (2020). Taxes in Brazil. Retrieved
February 4, 2020, from International Living :
https://internationalliving.com/countries/brazil/taxes/
International Monetary Fund. (2019, March 18). Trade’s Impact
on Brazil’s Industries. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from IMF
Blog: https://blogs.imf.org/2019/03/18/chart-of-the-week-
trades-impact-on-brazils-industries/

6. Novatrade. (2016, September 16). Import Duties and Taxes in
Brazil. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from Novatrade:
https://www.novatradebrasil.com/en/brazil-import-guide/import-
duties-taxes-brazil/
Oliveira, S. E. (2017, February 1). Brazil in the Twenty-First-
Century International Trade: Challenges and Opportunities.
Retrieved February 4, 2020, from IntechOpen:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/international-trade-on-the-
brink-of-change/brazil-in-the-twenty-first-century-international-
trade-challenges-and-opportunities
United States Census Bureau. (2019). Foreign Trade: US Trade
in Goods with Brazil . Retrieved February 4, 2020, from United
States Census Bureau: https://www.census.gov/foreign-
trade/balance/c3510.html
World Bank Organization. (2020, February 4). Brazil Trade -
Data. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from World Integrated Trade
Solution
s: https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/BRA
World Trade Organization. (2000, November 4). Trade Policy
Reviews: First Press Release, Secretariat and Government
Summaries - Brazil: November 2000. Retrieved February 4,
2020, from World Trade Organization:
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp140_e.htm