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SNAKE
BITE醫學役男:吳恩守
A mordida de Cobra。毒蛇咬傷及處置
SNAKE
BITE
•蛇毒種類
•台灣常⾒見毒蛇
•聖多美普林⻄西⽐比常⾒見毒蛇
•毒蛇咬傷後處置
SNAKE
BITE
• 出⾎血性蛇毒
• ⻱⿔龜殼花,⾚赤尾⻘青⽵竹絲,百步蛇
• 神經性蛇毒
• ⾬雨傘節, 眼鏡蛇
• 混合性蛇毒
• 鎖鏈蛇
TYPE OF SNAKEVENOM
INTAIWAN
SNAKE
BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒
⻱⿔龜殼花 |TRIMERESURUS MUCROSQUAMATUS
俗稱:⽜牛⾓角蛇
• 辨認特徵:
• 背部,暗茶⾊色斑塊,前後
連續並向左右彎曲⽽而呈波
浪狀。
• 頭呈三⾓角形,頸部細⼩小。
SNAKE
BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒
⾚赤尾⻘青⽵竹絲 |TRIMERESURUS STEJNEGERI
俗稱:⾚赤尾鮐、⻘青⽵竹絲、⽵竹葉⻘青、⻘青⽵竹鏢
• 辨認特徵:
• 背部,鮮綠⾊色;腹部呈
⿈黃綠⾊色;尾部為磚紅⾊色
• 頭呈三⾓角形,有頰窩。
SNAKE
BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒
⻱⿔龜殼花&⾚赤尾⻘青⽵竹絲
• 常⾒見症狀:
• 局部淤⾎血、腫脹,少數
有⽔水泡或⾎血泡,少⾒見全
⾝身性出⾎血症狀。
SNAKE
BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒
百步蛇 | DEINAGKISTRODON ACUTUS
俗稱:五步蛇、蝮蛇、⼭山⾕谷鱉、百花蛇
• 辨認特徵:
• 體背兩側有⿊黑褐⾊色倒三
⾓角形斑紋、左右相對呈
沙漏狀、嘴尖向上翹
• 頭呈三⾓角形,狀似鱉頭
SNAKE
BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒
百步蛇
• 常⾒見症狀:
• 局部淤⾎血、腫脹、起⽔水
泡與多發性⾎血泡
• 臨床上可⾒見明顯⾎血⼩小板
減少,PT、APTT延⻑⾧長及
全⾝身性出⾎血傾向,常會
產⽣生全⾝身性擴散性的⾎血
管內凝⾎血病變(DIC)
SNAKE
BITE
神經性蛇毒
⾬雨傘節 | BUNGARUS MULTICINCTUS
俗稱:百節蛇、⽩白節蛇、簸箕甲
• 辨認特徵:
• 全⾝身有⿊黑寬⽩白窄相間的
斑紋
• 頭圓⽽而⼩小不呈三⾓角形,
⼝口內有⼀一對⼤大溝⽛牙、兩
對⼩小溝⽛牙。
SNAKE
BITE
神經性蛇毒
⾬雨傘節
• 毒素:
• 神經毒素:α- & β- Bungarotoxins
SNAKE
BITE
神經性蛇毒
⾬雨傘節
• 常⾒見症狀:
• 呼吸衰竭
• 全⾝身肌⾁肉⿇麻痺
• 深度昏迷
SNAKE
BITE
神經性蛇毒
眼鏡蛇 | NAJA NAJA
俗稱:飯匙倩、蝙蝠蛇、脹頸蛇
• 辨認特徵:
• 受驚嚇時,上⾝身仰起,
頭頸昂仰噴張。
• 頸部有⼀一寬⽩白斑紋,內
有⿊黑點,頸部擴張時被
看似戴眼鏡般。
• 頭⼤大頸⼩小,⾝身體棕⾊色略
帶斑點
SNAKE
BITE
神經性蛇毒
眼鏡蛇
• 毒素
• 細胞毒素(Cytotoxin)
➡局部劇痛、腫脹、局部
組織變⿊黑、壞死,橫紋
肌溶解
• 神經毒素:毒蛋⽩白
(Cobrotoxin)
SNAKE
BITE
混合性蛇毒
鎖鏈蛇 |VIPERA RUSSELLI FORMOSENSIS
俗稱:鎖仔蛇、鏈仔蛇
• 辨認特徵:
• 體背⾯面有三縱列交錯的
暗⾊色或深褐⾊色橢圓形斑
紋
• 頭呈三⾓角形,背⾯面為淺
灰褐⾊色
• 亦與⻱⿔龜殼花花紋混淆
SNAKE
BITE
• 台灣主要表現為出⾎血毒
• 常⾒見症狀:
• 局部淤⾎血、腫脹,少數
有⽔水泡或⾎血泡,此外有
DIC
• 溶⾎血、橫紋肌溶解、急
性腎衰竭
混合性蛇毒
鎖鏈蛇
SNAKE
BITE
TIPO DE COBRAVENENOSA
EM SÃOTOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE
• Jameson's mamba | Dendroaspis jamesoni | Cobra preta
• Forest cobra | Naja melanoleuca | Black & white cobra
SNAKE
BITE
JAMESON'S MAMBA
DENDROASPIS JAMESONI | COBRA PRETA
• Neurotoxin
• Cardiotoxins, fasciculins
• Hemotoxic and Myotoxic
components
• Envenomation 30-120 mins >
DEATH
SNAKE
BITE
FOREST COBRA
NAJA MELANOLEUCA | BLACK & WHITE COBRA
• Neurotoxin
• The high average venom
yield per bite is around 500
mg
• Envenomation 30-120 mins
> DEATH
SNAKE
BITE
TREATMENT
到院前處置
• 使患者保持冷靜並離開毒蛇區域
• 移除肢體上可能束縛物
• 勿使⽤用⽌止⾎血帶或使⽤用冰敷
• 不要切開局部傷⼝口及避免以⼝口吸毒液
• 患肢保持低於⼼心臟的⾼高度,儘快以彈性繃帶或具彈性之
寬⾐衣料等,給予壓迫性包紮,並以夾板或護⽊木固定患肢
以其不能亂動
SNAKE
BITE
TREATMENT
到院後處置
• 穩定⽣生命徵象
• 評估可能的毒蛇種類
• 消毒傷⼝口、給予破傷⾵風
• 若眼鏡蛇毒液噴⼊入⼈人眼時,以⼤大量0.9%⽣生理⻝⾷食鹽⽔水或
清⽔水清洗15分鐘,由內往外
• 視情況給予蛇毒⾎血清
• ⽀支持性治療
SNAKE
BITE
TREATMENT
蛇毒⾎血清
• ⾎血清越早給予越有效果,但若診斷延遲,經過4-5⽇日或
甚⾄至更久仍有明顯效果
• 先進⾏行⽪皮膚過敏測試
• 抗出⾎血性⾎血清:⻱⿔龜殼花1~4 vial、⾚赤尾⻘青⽵竹絲1 vial
• 抗神經性⾎血清:眼鏡蛇6-10 vial、⾬雨傘節1-4 vial
• 抗百步蛇⾎血清:2-4 vial
• 抗鎖鏈蛇⾎血清:2-4 vial
TREATMENT
蛇毒⾎血清 | ⽪皮膚測試
• 以⽣生理⻝⾷食鹽⽔水100倍稀釋抗蛇毒⾎血
清,取0.1毫升(含1抗毒單位)注射
於前臂⽪皮內,於3分鐘內局部產⽣生輪
狀紅腫,周圍起紅暈者為陽性反應
• 若呈陽性反應者確實需使⽤用⾎血清治療,
則先⾏行注射抗組織胺藥物及類固醇,
並減慢注射速度⾄至30min-2hr。同時準
備1:1000之epinephrine以供過敏性休
克時使⽤用
SNAKE
BITE
TREATMENT
蛇毒⾎血清
• ⾎血清副作⽤用:
• 過敏性休克
• 氣管攣縮、低⾎血壓、發紺、休克
• 過敏反應
• 蕁⿇麻疹、氣喘、⾎血管性淋巴腫
• 通常發⽣生於4-10⽇日,但亦有延遲⾄至⼀一個⽉月⽽而發⽣生者
• 以類固醇、抗組織胺治療
SNAKE
BITE
TRATAMENTO
O SORO ANTIVENENO DE COBRA
• SAIMR POLYVALENT SNAKE ANTIVENOM
SNAKE
BITE
TRATAMENTO
O SORO ANTIVENENOSO DE COBRA
• Dendroaspis jamesoni
• Secure Four vials (40 mls) immediately, and withdraw the
contents into a single syringe
• Administer the undiluted Antivenom IV at a rate of 1 vial/min
• Naja melanoleuca
• Secure Three vials (30 mls) immediately, and withdraw the
contents into a single syringe
• Administer the undiluted Antivenom IV in an established I.V.
slowly over a period of 2 minutes
SNAKE
BITE
TRATAMENTO
O SORO ANTIVENENO DE COBRA
• 到院時,需⾄至少備有10vial的劑量
• Dendroaspis jamesoni
• minor bite w/ envenomation: 4-6 vial
• moderate or severe bites: 8-15 vial
• Naja melanoleuca
• minor bite w/ envenomation: 4-6 vial
• moderate or severe bites: 8-10 vial
SNAKE
BITE
TRATAMENTO
O SORO ANTIVENENO DE COBRA
• Testing for Equine Protein Sensitivity
• NOT ADVISABLE
• If there is reason to believe that the patient may be sensitive
to equine protein products, the following may be performed
• Administer 1 gram of Solumedrol I.V. push.
• Wait 10 minutes.
• Administer the antivenom by direct IV infusion at a rate of 1 vial/ 5mins
• Monitor Pulse and Blood Pressure carefully. Be prepared to treat for
Anaphylaxis with Epinephrine and other vasoactive medications.
SNAKE
BITE
SUMÁRIO
• Tipo de cobra venenosa em SãoTomé e Príncipe
• Jameson's mamba & Forest cobra
• Neurotoxin
• O SORO ANTIVENENOSO DE COBRA
• S.A.I.M.R. Polyvalent Snake Antivenom
• Make sure that at least 10 vials Antivenom are present with
the patient.
THANKS for YOUR ATTENTION

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2012 Management of Snake bite