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1. ‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬ِ‫والح‬ِ‫ي‬‫ا‬ِ‫ة‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬َ‫ر‬‫ش‬َ‫ب‬
‫ع‬َ‫ب‬َ‫دهللا‬‫طال‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ال‬َ‫ي‬‫س‬َ‫ي‬
ID: 181430007

2. 2
‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫ه‬َِ‫ر‬‫س‬
‫الم‬ِ‫ق‬‫دم‬ِ‫ة‬ِ:ِ..................................................................................................3ِ
‫الم‬ِ‫ف‬‫هومِالم‬َِ‫ب‬‫ك‬َِ‫ر‬ِ‫لل‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬ِ‫د‬ِ‫ف‬ٍِ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ٍش‬‫ن‬‫ج‬‫ت‬:..................................................................4ِ
‫اسسِا‬ِ‫ف‬‫الطو‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬:ِ..............................................................................4ِ
‫ال‬ِ‫ت‬‫حولِاللغو‬ِ‫ي‬ِِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫ال‬ٍِ‫ن‬ َ‫ر‬‫ق‬ِ‫الع‬ٍِ‫ن‬‫ي‬َ‫ر‬‫ش‬:.....................................................................5ِ
‫الك‬ِ‫ت‬‫ا‬َِ‫ب‬‫ا‬ِ‫ت‬ِ‫الم‬َِ‫ب‬‫ك‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫:ِال‬َِ‫ب‬‫ح‬ِ‫ث‬ِ‫ع‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫أساسِللغ‬ِ‫ة‬:ِ..............................................................6ِ
‫دو‬َِ‫ر‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬ٍِ‫ن‬َ‫ب‬‫اءِالمج‬ِ‫ت‬:‫مع‬ِ............................................................................6ِ
َِ‫ب‬‫ت‬ َ‫ر‬‫ت‬ِ‫ط‬‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ق‬‫ت‬َ‫ب‬‫ة‬‫دمِالغ‬َِ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫عل‬ِ‫ى‬َِِ‫ب‬‫ا‬ِ‫ي‬‫ق‬ِ:ِ‫األمم‬ِ...........................................................7ِ
‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬‫والح‬ِ‫ي‬‫ا‬ِ‫ة‬:ِ............................................................................................8ِ
‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظامِالمع‬َِ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫لل‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬:.................................................................................8ِ
‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬‫لسو‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫األلما‬ِ‫ٍي‬‫ن‬ِ(ِ‫ش‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬َ‫ب‬‫هاو‬َِ‫ر‬:)ِ......................................................................ِ10ِ
‫الخا‬ِ‫ت‬‫م‬ِ‫ة‬ِ:ِ................................................................................................ِ11

3. 3
‫الم‬ً‫ق‬‫دم‬ً‫ة‬ً:ً
‫ل‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ق‬‫دم‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫عدد‬‫ة‬‫لط‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫الطو‬ ‫خها‬‫ي‬‫ل؛‬‫ف‬‫األ‬‫ف‬‫الطو‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫عا‬‫موضو‬
‫خاصا‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ها‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫األ‬‫ف‬‫كا‬‫ر‬‫الموضوعا‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫المج‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ش‬‫ف‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الط‬‫ب‬‫األساس‬ ‫ائع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫أل‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫األ‬‫و‬ .‫اء‬‫ر‬‫سط‬‫ي‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ت‬‫صو‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫عل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫صال‬‫ب‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ،‫العلوم‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫ز‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الخاص‬ ‫العلوم‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫إل‬ ‫جاهها‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫عم‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫م‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ع‬ ‫ها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الم‬‫ب‬‫ادئ‬
‫األساس‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الم‬ ‫كل‬‫ي‬‫اد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫الد‬‫و‬ .‫ي‬‫كا‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫الذا‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ،‫األساس‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هد‬‫ف‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫األسس‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫هو‬
‫الصح‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ة‬‫لمع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ق‬‫المع‬ ‫ول‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫أ‬ ‫كما‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ج‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫صو‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ك‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الم‬‫ب‬‫األساس‬ ‫ادئ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬
‫لل‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫و‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫هم‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫كا‬ ‫أما‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫الكو‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ي‬،‫ف‬‫ق‬‫أحد‬ ‫د‬‫ث‬‫ت‬‫غ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫موذج‬‫ي‬‫وذلك‬ ‫ا‬‫أل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫حاول‬ ‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ي‬‫ج‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ت‬‫ه‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ب‬‫ه‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫المحل‬‫ي‬‫المع‬ ‫هو‬ ‫س‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ما‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ال‬ ‫وط‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫ها‬‫وع‬ .‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫كا‬ ،ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اك‬
‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫اع‬‫ر‬‫اسخ‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ت‬‫هد‬‫ف‬‫إل‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫الح‬ ‫هو‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫اك‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫سا‬‫ب‬‫المع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬.
‫أما‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫كا‬ ‫د‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫الموجه‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ده‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ب‬‫ساط‬‫ة‬‫أ‬ :ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫الس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫و‬ ‫د‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ع‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫حال‬‫ة‬
‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫وض‬‫ى‬‫اال‬‫و‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫اك‬‫ي‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫لم‬‫ي‬‫إل‬ ‫لهم‬‫ى‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫لالس‬‫ت‬‫خداما‬‫ت‬‫الم‬‫ت‬‫عدد‬‫ة‬‫للغ‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ط‬‫ق‬‫ر‬‫غ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫الئم‬‫ة‬‫إ‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫الخلط‬ ‫هذا‬-
‫كما‬‫ي‬‫وضح‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬-‫لم‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫الذ‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫طل‬‫ق‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬‫ق‬‫دما‬‫ت‬‫خاطئ‬‫ة‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫و‬ ،‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫أ‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬‫ى‬
‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ـو‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫أو‬ ‫خاطئ‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫السو‬ ‫الوضع‬‫ي‬.
‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫إذ‬ ‫ول‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫ز‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫مجال‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ة‬‫إل‬ ‫عود‬‫ى‬‫ط‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ه‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫مع‬ ‫عامل‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫خ‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫أسهم‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ش‬.‫ف‬‫ق‬‫حاول‬ ‫د‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اال‬ ‫ط‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫األط‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫الم‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫او‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اال‬‫و‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫اضا‬‫ت‬‫الم‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫ك‬‫ة‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ها‬
‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ما‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫عل‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ضا‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ،‫ي‬‫ت‬‫كا‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اه‬‫ت‬‫ل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫و‬ ‫مامه‬‫ث‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫عا‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫ضها‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ض‬‫الح‬ ‫ها‬‫ق‬‫و‬ .‫ا‬‫ق‬‫عا‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬‫عل‬ ‫ض‬‫ى‬
‫الخصوص‬ ‫وجه‬‫ت‬‫اال‬ ‫لك‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫اضا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫دو‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ها‬‫ب‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫ل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫ق‬.‫ف‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫ق‬‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫عا‬ ،‫ر‬‫ض‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬
‫ال‬ ‫االدعاء‬‫ق‬‫ائل‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ة‬‫مع‬ ‫ظام‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫اك‬ ‫ه‬‫ش‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫معا‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫جد‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫اء‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ،‫ق‬‫ي‬‫اس‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ه‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫دم‬‫ب‬‫مد‬‫ى‬‫ما‬
‫ي‬‫حصل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫معا‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫وما‬‫ش‬‫ي‬‫اد‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫و‬ .‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫عل‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫عل‬ ‫ه‬‫ى‬‫الذ‬ ‫ال‬‫ؤ‬‫الس‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ك‬ ‫حول‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫دو‬‫ث‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫دم‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬،
‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ول‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫"إ‬ :ٍ‫ن‬‫ك‬‫ت‬‫دائما‬ ‫سمع‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫ول‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫لم‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ‫دم‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الم‬‫ش‬‫كال‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ية‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫كا‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ش‬‫ت‬‫غل‬‫ب‬‫اإلغ‬ ‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬
‫ال‬‫ز‬ ‫ما‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫سها‬‫ق‬‫ائم‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫وم‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ...ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫أ‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫الس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫أك‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫"الح‬‫ق‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬"‫أ‬ ‫له‬ ّ‫حص‬ ‫ما‬ّ‫ع‬‫ف‬‫الطو‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬1
."
‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الس‬‫ب‬‫ب‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫حدو‬ ‫عدم‬‫ث‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫دم‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬،‫ي‬‫إل‬ ‫عود‬‫ى‬‫إغ‬‫ف‬‫مع‬ ‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫هو‬ ‫لها‬ ‫هام‬‫"كو‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫مسأل‬‫ة‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫اد‬‫ة‬‫ول‬‫ي‬‫مسأل‬ ‫س‬‫ة‬‫ع‬‫ق‬‫و‬ ‫ل‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫حس‬‫ب‬".‫ف‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ك‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫"أ‬ ‫ه‬‫ب‬‫حا‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ة‬"،‫أو‬"‫ف‬‫حوص‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫وضح‬
‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫صو‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫ه‬‫ب‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬.‫ف‬‫هو‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫عم‬‫ز‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬،‫ف‬‫ي‬‫األول‬ ‫المحل‬،‫لل‬ ‫إسهام‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫هم‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬Human
understanding‫ول‬‫ي‬‫للمع‬ ‫س‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬.
1‫ك‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫"الرسال‬‫ة‬‫صل‬ "‫ة‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ال‬‫ق‬,‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ذه‬‫ب‬‫إل‬‫ى‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مهم‬‫ة‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الو‬‫ق‬‫و‬ ‫ائع‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ي‬.‫ها‬‫ر‬‫ولذلك‬‫ي‬‫وج‬‫ـ‬‫ضر‬ ‫د‬‫ب‬ٍ‫من‬
‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫اظر‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫الع‬ ‫اء‬‫ب‬‫ار‬‫ة‬"‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫اء‬‫ق‬‫ع‬‫ة‬"،ٍ‫ان‬‫ظ‬‫ـ‬‫ر‬:‫ا‬‫ر‬‫مه‬ ‫محمد‬ .‫د‬، ٍ‫ن‬‫إل‬ ‫مدخل‬‫ى‬‫اس‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫المعاصر‬‫ة‬،‫ا‬ ‫دار‬‫ل‬‫ق‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫لل‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬
‫ال‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫وز‬‫ي‬,‫ع‬4891‫م‬‫ص‬ ,471.

4. 4
‫الم‬ً‫ف‬‫هومًالم‬ً‫ب‬‫ك‬ً‫ر‬ً‫لل‬ً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ة‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬ً‫د‬ً‫ف‬ًٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ٍش‬‫ن‬‫ج‬‫ت‬:ً
‫ت‬‫ي‬‫حد‬‫ث‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬-‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الص‬‫ف‬‫حا‬‫ت‬‫األول‬‫ى‬‫لك‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬" ‫ه‬‫ف‬‫حوص‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬"-‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫العص‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ر‬‫اه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫آمال‬ ‫له‬
‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫ي‬ّ‫د‬‫ر‬‫لك‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ ‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬ُ‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ئا‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وال‬ ‫الضوء‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫"الظالم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫المط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫عل‬‫ى‬‫العص‬‫ر‬‫ول‬ ."‫ق‬‫د‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫أ‬ ‫له‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫"وا‬ ‫ه‬‫ق‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫هو‬ "‫ا‬‫الذ‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫كو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫عال‬ ‫له‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫اع‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫لغو‬‫ة‬‫ي‬(2.
‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫عل‬ ‫اء‬‫ى‬،‫ذلك‬‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫محاول‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫وض‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ت‬‫صو‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫وم‬ ‫ا‬‫ف‬‫اه‬‫ي‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫واال‬ ،‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫المصطلحا‬‫ت‬‫إل‬‫ى‬
‫الض‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫و‬ .‫حكمها‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫دو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫االه‬‫ت‬‫األساس‬ ‫مام‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫هو‬‫محاول‬‫ة‬‫وضع‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬‫للغ‬ ‫س‬‫ة‬
‫وال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫والمع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫و‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫عل‬ ‫اء‬‫ي‬‫كا‬ ‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ق‬‫دم‬‫ت‬‫وجها‬‫ت‬‫مخ‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ل‬‫ق‬‫ض‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫أ‬‫األول‬ ‫عماله‬‫ى‬‫الم‬ ‫و‬‫ت‬‫أخ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬.
‫ف‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الم‬ ‫األعمال‬‫ت‬‫أخ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ‫هدم‬ ‫م‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ض‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫و‬‫المحا‬ ‫لك‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫ؤسس‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫واللغ‬‫ة‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫عل‬ ‫اء‬‫ى‬‫ح‬‫ق‬‫ائ‬‫ق‬‫مس‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ة‬.
‫و‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫طو‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫لم‬ ‫ه‬‫ف‬‫"ألعا‬ ‫هوم‬‫ب‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬"Language - games‫و‬‫ق‬،‫واعدها‬‫ت‬‫وصل‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫إل‬‫ى‬‫م‬‫ف‬‫هوم‬‫ر‬‫ئ‬‫ي‬‫س‬
‫"صو‬ ‫هو‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫الح‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬"form of life‫الذ‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫اللغ‬ ‫أساس‬ ،‫ه‬‫ة‬‫وال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫والمع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫و‬ .‫ق‬‫د‬‫ت‬‫إل‬ ‫وصل‬‫ى‬‫هذا‬
‫الم‬‫ف‬‫هوم‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اال‬ ‫خالل‬‫ق‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ادا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫إل‬ ‫وجهها‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظو‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫؛‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫كا‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬
‫محاول‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫الزما‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ ،‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫جوه‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫المع‬ ‫ألسس‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬.‫ف‬‫ل‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫المأمو‬ ‫األساس‬ٍ‫ن‬‫للمع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫عل‬ ‫وم‬‫ى‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫ب‬‫اع‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫عكس‬‫ي‬‫صو‬‫ر‬ٍ‫ن‬‫موضوع‬ ‫ظاما‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫الح‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫مس‬ ‫وجد‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ة‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫وهذا‬ .‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ب‬‫جذو‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫م‬3.
‫اسسًا‬ً‫ف‬‫الطو‬ًٍ‫ن‬ًً‫ف‬ً‫ي‬ً‫ال‬ً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ة‬:ً
‫ل‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫د‬‫ف‬‫الطو‬ٍ‫ن‬Plato‫المع‬ ‫أساس‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫والموضوع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الم‬‫ث‬‫ل‬ideas‫والح‬‫ق‬‫ائ‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫خا‬ ‫وجد‬‫ر‬‫ج‬
‫الع‬‫ق‬‫و‬ ‫ل‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ب‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ع‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ة‬‫ي‬.‫و‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الو‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫ذ‬‫ت‬‫ق‬،‫ب‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫دو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظو‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬‫المع‬ ‫س‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ب‬
‫لوص‬ ‫محكوما‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫صو‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ق‬‫ث‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ذا‬‫ت‬‫عا‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫مواجه‬‫ة‬‫ح‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫موضوع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬.‫ال‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ومع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬
‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ث‬‫ائ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫إل‬‫ى‬‫الذا‬‫ت‬‫ظه‬ ‫ع‬‫والموضو‬‫ر‬‫اال‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫اض‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫ت‬‫الح‬ ‫كل‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫موضوع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫دم‬
‫الذ‬ ‫األساس‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫كل‬ ‫حكم‬"‫مع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬".
‫وعل‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬،‫جو‬ ‫أوضح‬ ‫كما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ي‬،‫الذ‬ ‫الوجود‬ ‫هو‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬ُ‫ي‬‫لغ‬‫ى‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫عامل‬‫ف‬‫ي‬
‫العالم‬،‫لك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫احص‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫الموضوع‬ ‫المجال‬‫ي‬‫للح‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫واجه‬‫ت‬‫ه‬.‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫ك‬،‫عل‬‫ى‬ٍ‫ن‬‫واضح‬ ‫حو‬،‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫وعال‬ ‫العالم‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫عل‬ ‫ه‬‫ى‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬ ‫حو‬‫ت‬‫عط‬‫ى‬‫له‬.
‫أ‬‫ما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫كا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬Kant‫ال‬‫ر‬‫اد‬‫ي‬‫كال‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫لخص‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫إ‬ ‫ول‬ٍ‫ن‬‫حاض‬ ‫العالم‬‫ر‬‫عل‬‫ى‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الذا‬ ‫أمام‬ ‫دائم‬ ‫حو‬‫ت‬،‫وأ‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫الذ‬ ‫العالم‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫الذ‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫ذاك‬ ‫إال‬ ‫س‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫م‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ماط‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫ومعا‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫هم‬.‫ف‬‫لك‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫صو‬‫ر‬
2ِ‫ب‬‫حو‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬،‫ت‬‫ـ‬‫م‬‫رج‬‫ة‬:.‫د‬‫عزم‬‫ي‬‫اجع‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ،‫إسالم‬‫ة‬‫ع‬ .‫د‬‫ب‬‫د‬‫الغ‬‫ف‬‫ـار‬‫مكاو‬‫ي‬‫مط‬ ،‫ب‬‫وعا‬‫ت‬‫جامع‬‫ة‬‫الكو‬‫ت‬‫ي‬،0991‫ص‬ ،01.
3‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬،‫مجل‬‫ة‬‫أ‬‫ف‬‫كار‬،‫عدد‬11،4878.‫م‬

5. 5
‫الوا‬‫ق‬‫الح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬reality،‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫كو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الوا‬‫ق‬‫ما‬ ‫ع‬‫ث‬‫عل‬ ‫ال‬‫ى‬ٍ‫ن‬‫دائم‬ ‫حو‬‫ب‬‫اس‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ع‬ ‫الل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬.‫لك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هذا‬
‫ي‬‫خلو‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اال‬‫ت‬‫سا‬‫ق‬،‫أل‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬‫ث‬‫الوا‬ ‫ل‬‫ق‬‫إال‬ ‫ع‬‫ب‬‫الصو‬ ‫هذه‬‫ر‬‫واأل‬‫ش‬‫كال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬.‫وعل‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫الم‬‫ي‬‫إل‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬‫المطا‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫والوا‬‫ق‬‫ع‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أجل‬‫ت‬‫أك‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫د‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬‫س‬،‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫دو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫حل‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫م‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫غ‬‫ة‬.‫و‬‫ق‬‫د‬
‫كا‬ ‫عالج‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ق‬‫ض‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ؤ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫مخ‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫ة‬.‫ف‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫أك‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫ده‬‫ق‬‫ول‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫العالم‬‫ي‬‫كو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ث‬‫ال‬‫للذا‬ ‫دائما‬‫ت‬،‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ى‬
‫كا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫ط‬ٍ‫ن‬‫إ‬ ‫األساس‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ي‬‫ك‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الذا‬‫ت‬‫ول‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫موضوع‬ ‫عالم‬‫ي‬.‫و‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫لألسس‬ ‫ضه‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫عل‬‫ي‬‫ها‬
‫الم‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ز‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ي‬،
‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫كا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫ط‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫حول‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫إل‬ ‫ع‬‫الموضو‬‫ى‬‫الذا‬‫ت‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫أال‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫هم‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اال‬ ‫ه‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫داد‬‫ى‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬‫و‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫س‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬
‫والس‬‫ي‬‫كولوج‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫وض‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ش‬ّ‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ي‬.‫ف‬‫ل‬‫ق‬‫كا‬ ‫د‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الهد‬‫ف‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫كا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬-‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ب‬‫جذو‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫ها‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ث‬
‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫السا‬‫ق‬‫ب‬-‫االل‬ ‫هو‬‫ت‬‫ام‬‫ز‬‫ب‬‫إل‬ ‫الوصول‬‫ى‬‫م‬‫ب‬‫كل‬ ‫ادئ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫هم‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬.‫وكا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اه‬‫ت‬‫كا‬ ‫مام‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫هذا‬
‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫حول‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫د‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ص‬‫ب‬‫عل‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الم‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫أصل‬‫ب‬‫ادئ‬،‫ولك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫جد‬ ‫جاه‬‫ي‬‫د‬.‫ف‬‫ه‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫عم‬‫ز‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ق‬‫دم‬
‫أسسا‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫ب‬،‫الزما‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬،‫ض‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫إطا‬‫ر‬‫الذا‬‫ت‬.‫ف‬‫الم‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫و‬‫ت‬categories‫الكا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫صو‬‫ر‬‫وأ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬
‫ت‬‫سمح‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫كو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مع‬ ‫ع‬‫موضو‬ ‫العالم‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫للذا‬‫ت‬.
‫وهذا‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫وجود‬ ‫اض‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫أول‬‫ة‬‫ي‬a priori structure‫لكل‬‫ت‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ممك‬‫ة‬ٍ‫ن‬.‫وه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اك‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اد‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫هذا‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬‫الكا‬ ‫س‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ي‬،‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫طو‬‫ي‬‫عل‬‫ى‬‫ذا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫عال‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫إل‬‫ى‬‫األذها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫الدوجماط‬ ‫لك‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬
‫الم‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ز‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫حاول‬‫ت‬‫ث‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫الكو‬ ،‫ه‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫اإلطاح‬ ،‫ة‬‫ب‬.‫ها‬
ًً‫ال‬ً‫ت‬‫حولًاللغو‬ً‫ي‬ًً‫ف‬ً‫ي‬ً‫ال‬ًٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ق‬ً‫الع‬ًٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬:ً
‫الذ‬ ‫هو‬‫ي‬‫حد‬‫ث‬‫ب‬‫كا‬ ‫عد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫الع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬.‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫أص‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ت‬‫الم‬‫ش‬‫كل‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫الم‬‫ت‬‫عل‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫إ‬‫ي‬‫جاد‬
‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ال‬ ‫وحدود‬ ‫وط‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫والمع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬،‫ه‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ش‬‫كل‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫حد‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ما‬ ‫وحدود‬ ‫وط‬‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫وله‬.‫كما‬‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫حول‬‫ل‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬،‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ضا‬،
‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫والمع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫إل‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬.‫و‬‫ب‬‫موج‬‫ب‬‫ذلك‬‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬
‫الظواه‬‫ر‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫همها‬،‫كما‬‫ت‬‫وجد‬‫ب‬‫اس‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ع‬ ‫الل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الم‬‫ف‬‫اه‬‫ي‬‫اللغو‬ ‫م‬‫ة‬‫ي‬،‫دو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫اع‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫لغ‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫لها‬ ‫ا‬.‫أل‬ ‫وذلك‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫"المع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫م‬ "‫ت‬‫أصل‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫أ‬ ‫عد‬‫ي‬‫مع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫سا‬ ‫للعالم‬‫ق‬‫ب‬-‫للغ‬‫ة‬.‫وهكذا‬‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫موذج‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ي‬
‫الذ‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫صل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫والعالم‬،‫ق‬‫د‬‫ت‬‫إ‬ ‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كا‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ضه‬.‫أ‬ ‫كما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫هج‬‫ت‬‫حل‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ق‬‫أص‬ ‫د‬‫ب‬‫اآل‬ ‫ح‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ص‬‫ب‬‫عل‬ ‫ا‬‫ى‬
‫الع‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ول‬‫ي‬‫عل‬ ‫س‬‫ى‬‫الو‬‫ق‬‫الموضوع‬ ‫ائع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬،‫عل‬‫ى‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫حد‬‫ث‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫األ‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ول‬ ‫اء‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫األ‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ذا‬ ‫اء‬‫ت‬‫ها‬.
‫و‬‫ق‬‫أد‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫أ‬ ‫اعما‬‫ز‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫حول‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫كو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫"ذا‬‫ت‬‫جد‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫مج‬ ‫ال‬ "‫ر‬‫د‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫واحد‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬
‫ت‬‫طو‬‫ر‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫للذا‬ ‫واصل‬‫ت‬.‫و‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫مع‬‫ر‬‫ض‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫لعمله‬ ‫مه‬،‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ول‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫"إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫غ‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ه‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ب‬‫ما‬‫كا‬ ‫إذا‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ائجه‬
‫صاد‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫إ‬ ‫ال؛‬ ‫أم‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫هو‬ ‫همه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اك‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هجا‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬"‫سه‬4
.
4https://elaph.com/Web/AsdaElaph/2006/5/152270.html

6. 6
‫الك‬ً‫ت‬‫ا‬ً‫ب‬‫ا‬ً‫ت‬ً‫الم‬ً‫ب‬‫ك‬ً‫ة‬‫ر‬‫:ًال‬ً‫ب‬‫ح‬ً‫ث‬ً‫ع‬ًٍ‫ن‬ً‫أساسًللغ‬ً‫ة‬:ً
‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫إ‬ ‫ول‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫موذج‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫لل‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬‫الذ‬ ‫س‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫كل‬ ‫ه‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ف‬‫الطو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وأ‬‫ر‬‫سطو‬‫والمد‬‫ر‬‫س‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ي‬،‫ث‬‫م‬
‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ّ‫د‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫د‬ ‫د‬‫ي‬‫كا‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫والع‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬،‫ق‬‫ل‬ ‫عاد‬ ‫د‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ر‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫جد‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫أعمال‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫م‬‫ب‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ر‬.‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫كا‬ ‫ما‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كل‬
‫ك‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫جن‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫ط‬ ‫حول‬ ‫كز‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ة‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫والمع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬،‫أ‬ ‫إال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫معالج‬‫ت‬‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫كل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫المع‬ ‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬
‫كا‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫عل‬ ‫م‬‫ى‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مخ‬ ‫حو‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫احل‬‫ت‬‫طو‬‫ر‬‫ه‬.‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫"ال‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫سال‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ية‬‫ال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬"‫ي‬‫صو‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫عل‬‫ى‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬
‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ظام‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هائ‬‫ي‬‫للغ‬‫ة‬،‫ال‬ ‫أو‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫األول‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫للعالم‬a priori structure‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ش‬‫ف‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الصو‬‫ر‬
‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هائ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬.‫ف‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫وال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫لهما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ى‬‫محدد‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫العال‬ ‫عكس‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫األ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫طلوج‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ائم‬‫ة‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫اء‬‫ز‬‫األج‬
‫والع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اص‬‫ر‬‫الموجود‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الوا‬‫ق‬‫ع‬(
.‫ال‬ ‫وهذا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ظام‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ضا‬،‫ب‬‫م‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫صو‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫لل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫األ‬ ‫ظام‬ٍ‫ن‬‫طلوج‬‫ي‬.5
‫دو‬ً‫ر‬ً‫ال‬ً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ة‬ًً‫ف‬ً‫ي‬ًٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫اءًالمج‬ً‫ت‬‫مع‬:ً
‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫دما‬‫ت‬‫ذك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ال‬ ‫أو‬‫ف‬‫الس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الوط‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الع‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫غال‬‫ب‬‫ما‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬‫جد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫اال‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫هجا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وال‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫ر‬،
‫الذ‬ ‫والسؤال‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ط‬‫ر‬‫ح‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫ما‬ ‫هو‬ ،‫دائما‬ ‫سه‬‫ف‬‫ائد‬‫ة‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫واأل‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫هذا‬‫ف‬‫كا‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫آ‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ ‫ها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫عصو‬‫ر‬
‫غا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ح‬ ‫عكس‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫م‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ول‬ ‫وم‬‫ي‬‫لهم‬ ‫س‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ذك‬‫ر‬‫عل‬‫ى‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ ‫مو‬‫ت‬‫طو‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫لمج‬‫ت‬‫معا‬‫ت‬،‫ب‬‫عمل‬ ‫ل‬‫ت‬
‫الع‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫معظم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫عل‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫خلص‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫مدا‬‫ر‬‫كو‬ ‫سها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هم‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫للد‬ ‫مضادا‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬
‫ول‬‫ف‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬‫مخ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الم‬‫ف‬‫ك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫والمه‬‫ت‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ش‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫وه‬ ،‫ي‬‫العل‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫غل‬‫ب‬‫عل‬‫ي‬‫الغ‬ ‫ها‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫جعل‬
‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫العلوم‬ ‫أم‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الكل‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫والجامعا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫و‬ ،‫ب‬‫أ‬ ‫د‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫الطال‬ ‫س‬‫ب‬‫م‬‫ب‬‫علوم‬ ‫ادئ‬‫ا‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫خها‬
‫وأ‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫م‬ ‫ز‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ومدا‬ ‫ها‬‫ر‬‫ل‬ ‫سها‬‫ي‬‫آ‬ ‫وسع‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫و‬ ‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫للح‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫هم‬‫ت‬‫ط‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫اض‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫خاذ‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ر‬
‫وال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هج‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫العلم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫لل‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫واإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫والحوا‬ ‫اع‬‫ر‬‫وال‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وال‬ ‫د‬‫ت‬‫ص‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫وال‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وك‬ ،‫د‬‫ي‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫للكو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ق‬
‫المخلو‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ول‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ألخ‬ ‫س‬‫ي‬‫اإل‬ ‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫و‬ ‫ط‬‫ت‬‫علم‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫م‬‫ب‬‫األخال‬ ‫ادئ‬‫ق‬‫وال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫و‬ .‫ت‬‫عد‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫علما‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ت‬‫م‬
‫ب‬‫مع‬ ‫مجال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬،‫ب‬‫ه‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫الم‬‫ر‬‫الماد‬ ‫للعالم‬ ‫ء‬‫ي‬‫والحس‬‫ي‬‫وم‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫الم‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫اء‬‫ر‬‫ئ‬‫ي‬
‫والمحسوس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫و‬‫محا‬‫ت‬‫دائم‬‫ة‬‫للحكم‬ ‫للوصول‬‫ة‬‫وماه‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫المع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫وال‬ ‫س‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬‫الخا‬‫ر‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫المح‬‫ي‬‫ط‬‫ة‬
‫ب‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وما‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫خل‬‫ف‬‫ها‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫و‬‫ى‬‫مح‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫الو‬ ‫ومع‬ ،‫ت‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫طو‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ل‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫عل‬ ‫كز‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ق‬‫وال‬‫ت‬‫حل‬‫ي‬‫ل‬
‫الم‬‫ف‬‫هوم‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ،‫ب‬‫دال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫الح‬ ‫هم‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫أص‬‫ب‬‫علما‬ ‫ح‬‫ت‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫عمل‬‫ب‬‫اح‬‫ث‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لمع‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ه‬ ‫ما‬‫ي‬‫الط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫الم‬‫ث‬‫ل‬‫ى‬
‫لع‬‫ش‬‫ي‬‫الح‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫وه‬ ،‫ي‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫وال‬ ‫العلم‬‫ت‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫عص‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هض‬‫ة‬‫ث‬‫ال‬ ‫م‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫الوجو‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫واإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ومذاه‬‫ب‬
‫الحدا‬‫ة‬‫ث‬‫وما‬‫ب‬‫الحدا‬ ‫عد‬‫ة‬‫ث‬‫والعدم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ .‫هذا‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫جوه‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ط‬ ‫هو‬‫ر‬‫وال‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ك‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫كل‬
‫ي‬‫ش‬‫وعدم‬ ‫ء‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫الع‬ ‫ط‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ث‬‫ب‬‫وا‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ف‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫والم‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬‫اجع‬‫ة‬.
5, translated by D. f. E. Pears &B. F. McGuinness,Philosophicus"-"Tractatus LogicoWittgenstein,L.
Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981,p5.511.Henceforth, Tractatus.

7. 7
ً‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ت‬ً‫ط‬‫ال‬ً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ة‬ًً‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫دمًالغ‬ً‫ب‬‫ر‬ً‫عل‬ً‫ى‬ًً‫ب‬‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫ق‬ًً‫األمم‬:ً
‫ف‬‫ي‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫الحاض‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫مع‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫األمم‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫اه‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫والجوا‬ ،‫ب‬‫أ‬ ‫هو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫كل‬‫لعلوم‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫دأ‬
‫ب‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ض‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫خاص‬ ‫وحدس‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫لل‬ ‫إخضاعه‬ ‫م‬‫ت‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫وال‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ل‬ ‫للوصول‬‫ي‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫مج‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫وم‬‫ث‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ومسأل‬‫ة‬‫وصول‬
‫ال‬‫ب‬‫اح‬‫ث‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ض‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫عمل‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ت‬‫زم‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫خصائص‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫اض‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ج‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ق‬‫ل‬
‫غما‬ ‫خوض‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫العلم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫الموضوع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ما‬ ‫وهو‬ ،‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫الع‬‫ق‬‫الغ‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫دا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫وه‬ ،‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ف‬‫ز‬‫ة‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬
‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫حس‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫و‬ ‫له‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫ال‬‫ز‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬.
‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ح‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫لدا‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الع‬ ‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ٍ‫ن‬‫زد‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫و‬ ،‫ر‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫أحد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ها‬‫ي‬‫إساء‬ ‫عد‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫غ‬‫ة‬.‫ف‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫احل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫الع‬ ‫اء‬‫ق‬‫ل‬
‫لد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫مخ‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫و‬ ،‫ت‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫المسا‬‫ر‬‫الصح‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ح‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مص‬‫ر‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫عل‬‫ى‬‫جذ‬‫ب‬‫والمعا‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫كل‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫وأوجه‬
‫الحدا‬‫ة‬‫ث‬‫دو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫حد‬‫ث‬‫ت‬‫غ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫اء‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫للع‬‫ق‬‫الع‬ ‫ول‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ح‬ ،‫ت‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫وع‬‫ب‬‫العلوم‬‫ب‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬
‫ت‬‫ل‬ ‫جعلها‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ف‬‫ظ‬‫ة‬‫ومس‬‫ت‬‫خدم‬‫ة‬‫لها‬‫ق‬،‫ط‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ل‬‫ق‬‫ول‬‫ت‬‫خل‬‫ق‬‫مع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫دأ‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ص‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫جاز‬‫ق‬‫مسا‬ ‫ول‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬
‫معا‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫جد‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬.
‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ل‬ ‫المجال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫دخلها‬‫ب‬‫صو‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ئ‬‫ز‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫عامل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫كل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫ا‬‫ب‬‫الح‬ ‫عاد‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫صح‬ .‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫ح‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫هو‬‫ش‬‫الذ‬ ‫خص‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫جعل‬‫ي‬‫إجا‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫لغ‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬ ‫خالل‬‫ر‬‫األسئل‬ ‫ح‬‫ة‬‫وال‬‫ش‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ك‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫صح‬‫ة‬
‫اإلجا‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫االل‬ ‫وعدم‬‫ت‬‫ام‬‫ز‬‫ب‬‫الح‬‫ق‬‫ائ‬‫ق‬،‫واالس‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الع‬ ‫اط‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ضول‬‫ي‬.
‫ف‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫حال‬‫ة‬‫ذه‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أك‬‫ر‬‫ث‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مع‬ ‫وعا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫المع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ما‬ ‫وهو‬ ،‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ود‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ح‬
‫أ‬‫ب‬‫وا‬‫ب‬‫جد‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫الو‬ ‫طوال‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫لمخ‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫المعا‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫و‬ ،‫ت‬‫طو‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ها‬‫ب‬‫صو‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫مس‬‫ت‬‫دام‬‫ة‬6
.
‫ه‬‫ي‬‫دعو‬‫ة‬‫م‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫وح‬‫ة‬‫للح‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ية‬‫ل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫المج‬ ‫هوض‬‫ت‬‫الع‬ ‫مع‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ،‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫ما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫العد‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الح‬‫ق‬‫ائ‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫ب‬
‫علم‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫دأ‬‫ت‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫األسئل‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫وع‬ ،‫ق‬‫م‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫الظاه‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫األو‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ل‬ ‫هو‬‫ي‬‫عالما‬ ‫إال‬ ‫س‬‫ت‬
‫اس‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫وجد‬ ‫هام‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الع‬‫ق‬‫ول‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ذ‬‫ب‬‫الخل‬ ‫دأ‬‫ق‬‫واالس‬ ،‫ت‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ط‬‫ر‬‫األسئل‬ ‫ح‬‫ة‬‫ود‬‫ر‬‫اس‬‫ة‬‫اح‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ال‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫اآل‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫الم‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ت‬
‫عل‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ،‫ها‬‫ي‬‫اس‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ل‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ى‬‫عم‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫لحاض‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ومس‬ ‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وا‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫معا‬ ‫ساء‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫األدل‬‫ة‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫م‬
‫مع‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫دا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫وأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ف‬‫كا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫وحجج‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫ا‬‫ي‬‫آخ‬ ‫مجال‬‫ر‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫اد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫الح‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬.‫ف‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫علم‬‫ي‬‫سع‬‫ى‬‫وحد‬ ‫إلعطاء‬ ‫جاهدا‬‫ة‬
‫وط‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫لجم‬‫ي‬‫المعا‬ ‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬-‫ول‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫وك‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫ط‬‫ب‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫ل‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الح‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫لمطل‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫لمل‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬
‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫عص‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ر‬‫م‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ،‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫اض‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫للح‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ها‬‫ب‬‫آخ‬ ‫عد‬‫ر‬‫لم‬‫ي‬‫أل‬‫ف‬‫ه‬‫ف‬‫الس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫العصو‬ ‫كل‬‫ر‬.
‫وا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كا‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اللغ‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ه‬ ‫ال‬‫ز‬‫ي‬‫األدا‬‫ة‬‫األساس‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫جا‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ث‬‫و‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫س‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫وه‬ ،‫ي‬‫وجه‬‫ة‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬
‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ى‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظم‬‫ت‬‫خ‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫إل‬‫ى‬‫أخ‬‫ر‬‫ى‬.
6, translated by D. f. E. Pears &B. F. McGuinness,Philosophicus"-"Tractatus LogicoWittgenstein,L.
Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981,p5.511.Henceforth, Tractatus.

8. 8
‫ال‬ً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ة‬‫والح‬ً‫ي‬‫ا‬ً‫ة‬:ً
‫و‬‫ر‬‫اء‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هض‬‫ة‬‫الغ‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ،‫ت‬‫ف‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫ه‬‫ب‬‫اه‬‫ر‬‫وا‬ ،ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫جا‬‫ت‬‫العظ‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ة‬،‫ثقا‬‫ف‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬ ‫ية‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ،‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ومج‬ ،‫ت‬‫مع‬
‫م‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫ي‬‫ض‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫لل‬ ‫جو‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫العلم‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫دو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫و‬ ‫حدود‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫و‬ ،‫ود‬‫ي‬‫ؤ‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫وال‬‫ت‬‫ع‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫وأ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الكو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كله‬
‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫خضع‬‫ق‬‫وا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وس‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الس‬ ‫وهذه‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مجا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ك‬‫ش‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫و‬ ‫ها‬‫ي‬‫سخ‬‫ر‬‫وه‬ ‫ها‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫هو‬ ‫والعلم‬ .‫أحدا‬
‫اس‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫عا‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫طو‬‫ي‬‫عه‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫سخ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫مس‬ ‫كل‬‫ت‬‫و‬‫ى‬‫وجود‬‫ي‬.
‫ل‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ ‫د‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ث‬‫الغ‬ ‫علوم‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫ه‬‫ب‬‫اه‬‫ر‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫له‬ ‫س‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫أساس‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ولوج‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫وا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫عود‬‫ر‬
‫ال‬ ‫هذا‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫اه‬‫ر‬‫إل‬‫ى‬‫أس‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ق‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫محض‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫م‬ ‫األمم‬‫ت‬‫ما‬‫ث‬‫ل‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫و‬ .ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الح‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬
‫الغ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫مل‬‫ي‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫الع‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ب‬‫وال‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ائص‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الح‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫االج‬‫ت‬‫ماع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫وال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫س‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫وال‬‫ر‬‫وح‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫الد‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫.لك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫كاد‬‫ي‬‫خ‬‫ف‬‫ى‬‫عل‬‫ى‬
‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫اح‬‫ث‬‫الدو‬‫ر‬‫الذ‬ ‫الحاسم‬‫ي‬‫أد‬‫ت‬‫ه‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هض‬‫ة‬‫الحضا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫الغ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫طو‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ،‫ها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬
‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ج‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫العلوم‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الغ‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫والحضا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫الغ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫ه‬ ‫ها‬‫ي‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬ٌ‫اج‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫م‬ ‫كل‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫غ‬ ‫أو‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫أل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬
‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫و‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الحضا‬ ‫اخ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫للغ‬‫ب‬‫ر‬7
.
‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظامًالمع‬ً‫ر‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ي‬ً‫لل‬ً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ة‬:ً
‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ة‬‫مع‬ ‫ظام‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ام‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ف‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫السائغ‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ص‬‫ف‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ب‬‫ة‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫ها‬‫ت‬‫خدام‬
‫الع‬‫ق‬‫أل‬ ‫ل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫مذه‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫حل‬‫ة‬‫مل‬ ‫أو‬‫ة‬‫وا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ما‬‫ي‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ظ‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الع‬ ‫اط‬‫ق‬‫اإل‬ ‫ل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫كل‬
‫المجاال‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫الع‬ ‫ع‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ ‫ل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫حذ‬‫ق‬.‫ها‬
‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫ة‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ما‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫لك‬ ،‫العلوم‬ ‫علم‬ ‫ها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ج‬‫ي‬‫االم‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫از‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫عد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫علوم‬ ‫صال‬
‫الط‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ة‬‫واإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ ‫ها‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫امها‬‫ب‬‫ذا‬‫ت‬‫كح‬ ‫ها‬‫ق‬‫اخ‬ ‫ول‬‫ت‬‫صاص‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ع‬‫الموضو‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫إ‬ .‫هج‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬
‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ول‬ ،‫جال‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫طحا‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫مصد‬‫ر‬‫ول‬ ،‫ها‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫ذ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اآل‬‫ر‬‫اء‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وه‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وا‬ ‫الك؛‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ما‬
‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ ،‫ظم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫األ‬‫ف‬‫كا‬‫ر‬‫وال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬.‫ف‬‫ق‬‫د‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫اول‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫موضوعا‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫عدد‬‫ة‬،‫كالوجود‬ ،
‫والمع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫وال‬ ،‫ي‬‫ق‬‫لك‬ ،‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫هذا‬‫ي‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫سام‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ه‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫وال‬ ‫ظام‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫واالح‬ ،‫ج‬‫ت‬‫إل‬ ‫كام‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ر‬‫ام‬‫ة‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫إ‬ .ٍ‫ن‬
‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ع‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫أمل‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫عد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫العواط‬‫ف‬‫الوجدا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ( ‫ول‬‫ي‬‫دغ‬‫ر‬) : .;‫ف‬‫العواط‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ،‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ي‬
‫إل‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫والعواط‬ ،‫ف‬‫كما‬ ،‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ،‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ء‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ي‬.‫عل‬ ،‫ى‬‫العكس‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ل‬ ،‫ذلك‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫ئا‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ا‬
‫ف‬‫حس‬‫ب‬،‫ب‬‫المد‬ ‫ل‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫الح‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫للع‬‫ق‬‫ل‬
‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ؤ‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫معا‬ ‫وجود‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ومطل‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ ‫كما‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬‫ت‬‫جاوز‬‫لالع‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ادا‬‫ت‬
‫الساذج‬‫ة‬‫وال‬‫ب‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫لذا‬ .‫ت‬‫ت‬‫سم‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ش‬‫ال‬ ‫ك‬‫ب‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫مع‬ ‫وجود‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هائ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫.إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ساؤل‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫اع‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ها‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ا‬
‫إ‬‫ش‬‫كال‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫د‬‫ي‬.‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ل‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬ ‫ي‬‫جعل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كل‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ع‬‫موضو‬ ‫ء‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ‫ساؤل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫ق‬‫و‬.‫سجال‬
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‫لذا‬‫ق‬‫كا‬ ‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫اس‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫س‬‫األسئل‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫أهم‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اإلجا‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫عل‬‫ي‬‫جوا‬ ‫وكل‬ ،‫ها‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫ص‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ب‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫ه‬
‫جد‬ ‫سؤاال‬‫ي‬‫داإ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫السؤال‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬،‫ساؤل‬‫ب‬‫اع‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫سؤاال‬ ‫ه‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ض‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الوا‬‫ق‬‫سلسل‬ ‫ع‬‫ة‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫األسئل‬‫ة‬:‫ف‬‫كل‬
‫سؤال‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫دع‬‫ي‬‫آخ‬ ‫سؤاال‬‫ر‬‫هو‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫وكل‬ ‫؛‬‫ب‬‫دا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ت‬‫جد‬ ‫ساؤل‬‫ي‬‫د.إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ة‬‫السؤال‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ‫حدد‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ط‬‫ب‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ة‬
‫الجوا‬‫ب‬‫و‬ ،‫ت‬‫ف‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫لماذا‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫الخطا‬ ‫عدد‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫السؤال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫العم‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫إال‬ ‫س‬‫ش‬‫عا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫حدو‬‫ث‬
‫الده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫لد‬‫ى‬‫الم‬‫ت‬‫وكما‬ .‫سائل‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ ( ‫ال‬‫ر‬‫سطو‬)‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ف‬‫ع‬‫ت‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫إل‬ ‫اس‬‫ى‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬.;.‫ف‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫أك‬ ‫هو‬‫ر‬‫ث‬‫الموجودا‬‫ت‬‫ده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫أل‬ ،ٍ‫ن‬‫الده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫طل‬‫ب‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫عال‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الع‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ ‫إال‬ .‫ل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اخ‬ ‫اك‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬
.;‫الده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫العلم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬.;.‫و‬;‫الده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬.‫ف‬‫كما‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ى‬(‫ش‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫هاو‬‫ر‬‫ده‬ : )‫ة‬‫ش‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫مام‬
‫األمو‬‫ر‬‫االع‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫اد‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫وال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ي‬‫حل‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫داه‬‫ة‬‫وه‬ ،‫ي‬‫ده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫األ‬ ‫أمام‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ذا‬ ‫اء‬‫ت‬‫الص‬‫ب‬‫غ‬‫ة‬‫األ‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ث‬‫عموم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬،
‫ال‬ ‫ع‬‫موضو‬ ‫وجعلها‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ،‫ساؤل‬‫ت‬‫حو‬‫ي‬‫إل‬ ‫لها‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ضا‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫ا‬‫ش‬‫كال‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ده‬ ‫أما‬ .‫ة‬‫ش‬،‫العالم‬‫ف‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫أمو‬ ‫مام‬‫ر‬‫ئ‬‫ز‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ي‬
ٍ‫ن‬‫اد‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫م‬‫ق‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫وه‬ ،‫ي‬‫سع‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫طها‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫ضا‬‫ي‬‫مع‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫لد‬‫ي‬‫سا‬ ‫ه‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫أو‬ ،‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫أد‬‫ق‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫المجهول‬ ‫جاع‬‫ى‬
.‫المعلوم‬
‫دام‬ ‫وما‬‫ت‬‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أمو‬ ‫اك‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫اإل‬ ‫ؤلم‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كالم‬‫ر‬‫والمو‬ ‫ض‬‫ت‬‫وال‬ ،‫ب‬‫وال‬ ،‫ؤس‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫الوجود‬ ‫دام‬ ‫وما‬ ..‫اء‬
‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫العالم‬ ‫ووجود‬‫ش‬‫ي‬‫كال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مح‬ ‫ا‬‫ز‬‫لغ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫الده‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ية‬‫وس‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬.‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫مع‬ ‫عامل‬
‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫ه‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫ضول‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ؤ‬‫سا‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ث‬:
‫ه‬ ‫ما‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫عال‬ ‫؟وما‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫ها‬‫ب‬‫الح‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫والمج‬‫ت‬‫؟‬ ‫مع‬
‫م‬‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫هو‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫ط‬ ‫وما‬ ‫؟‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ة‬‫ش‬‫خص‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫؟‬ ‫ه‬
‫ه‬ ‫ما‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ها‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫؟‬
‫كا‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫وما‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫إل‬ ‫جم‬‫ى‬‫مما‬‫ر‬‫سا‬‫ت‬‫عمل‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫إل‬ ،‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ذلك‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ال‬‫ؤ‬‫ا‬‫ت‬،‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الوا‬‫ق‬‫ع‬
‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ؤ‬‫سا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫حاول‬‫ف‬‫الس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫اإلجا‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ .‫ها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫والعلم‬‫ت‬‫ما‬‫ث‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫المطل‬‫ب‬‫وال‬‫غا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫و‬ .‫معا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫اع‬‫ي‬‫ت‬
‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اك‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اط‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫اطع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫الد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫وا‬ ‫والعلم‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫لكل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫مسا‬ ‫هم‬‫ر‬‫مخ‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫الد‬ .‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫عط‬‫ي‬‫األجو‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هائ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬،
‫و‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫مل‬ ‫ح‬‫ف‬‫األسئل‬‫ة‬‫والعلم‬ ،‫ي‬‫حاول‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫معلوما‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ص‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫غ‬‫صو‬‫ف‬‫كا‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫ب‬‫لو‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫كأ‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ث‬‫ال‬‫ة‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ث‬‫لو‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ش‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫جذو‬‫ر‬‫الد‬ ‫ها‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫وجذعها‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ث‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬.‫العلم‬ ‫ها‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الوا‬‫ق‬‫ه‬ ‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اك‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫اط‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫اطع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫الح‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫ول‬‫ث‬‫ال‬‫ة‬‫ث‬
‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫واإل‬ ‫والعلم‬‫ي‬‫ما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ .‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الوا‬‫ق‬‫ع‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫لك‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫لها‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫والد‬ ‫العلم‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫مك‬‫ش‬‫و‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫للهجوم‬
‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الجا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ .‫ي‬‫خ‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫الد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫عط‬‫ي‬‫إجا‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫جاهز‬‫ة‬‫محدد‬‫ة‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ى‬
‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫ت‬‫زوا‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ع‬‫ش‬‫ك‬‫ب‬‫دو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ف‬‫و‬ .‫ف‬‫ي‬‫خ‬ ‫كل‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫وكل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هما‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ت‬‫اإل‬ ‫اجه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ .‫ف‬‫ي‬‫مو‬‫ق‬‫ف‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫المو‬‫ت‬‫ر‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫ال‬ ‫العلم‬‫ي‬‫الجوا‬ ‫ملك‬‫ب‬‫أما‬ .‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ضاءا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هائ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الت‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫سي‬‫وال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬.
‫ولك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫إل‬ ‫دخل‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ب‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫وال‬‫ر‬‫اح‬‫ة‬‫وال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫اع‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫مع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ى‬‫الح‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫الد‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫واآلخ‬ ‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ولك‬ .ٍ‫ن‬
‫زوا‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬‫ل‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ع‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ية‬‫لما‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ط‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫خ؛‬‫ف‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ة‬‫م‬‫ث‬‫جذع‬ ‫ل‬‫ش‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫خ‬‫ر‬‫ج‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ها‬‫ث‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫أما‬ ‫العلوم‬
‫الجذو‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫و‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫الضا‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫عم‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫الم‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ز‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫الد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ج‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫كو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫غا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫و‬ .‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬

10. 10
‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ج‬‫ب‬‫ف‬‫عال‬ ‫هم‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫الد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫و‬ ‫العلم‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬ ‫له‬ ‫هم‬‫ي‬‫دا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الخاص‬ ‫ه‬‫ب‬‫كما‬ .‫ه‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أمامه‬‫ف‬‫ي‬
‫ث‬‫ال‬‫ث‬‫زوا‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫دم‬‫ي‬‫كا‬ ‫ه‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫علما‬‫ف‬‫إذا‬‫ت‬‫إل‬ ‫طلع‬‫ى‬‫األ‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫كا‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫إذا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫السماوا‬‫ت‬
‫العل‬‫ى‬‫كا‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫د‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫وصد‬ .‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫(غ‬‫ر‬‫ام‬‫ي‬‫ش‬)‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫واحد‬ ‫كل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫عالم‬ ‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ائم‬‫ب‬‫ذا‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ‫ه‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫عل‬‫ى‬ٍ‫ن‬.‫ما‬ ‫حو‬
‫و‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫طو‬‫ى‬‫األصغ‬ ‫العالم‬‫ر‬‫ولك‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫(ما‬‫ر‬‫أعل‬ )‫كس‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ك‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬( ‫ه‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ؤس‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫أ‬ )ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ما‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫و‬ .ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫حو‬
(‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ج‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬)‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫الوضع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫هذا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫حو‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫كما‬ ‫ودعها‬ ‫د‬‫ف‬‫ال‬‫ز‬‫الغ‬ ‫عل‬‫ي‬‫وا‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫اح‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫اس‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫اح‬‫ة‬
‫الصو‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ي‬.
‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ى‬‫مؤ‬‫ر‬‫ومؤ‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫خو‬‫ر‬‫الحضا‬ ‫خو‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫الغ‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫وك‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫الم‬‫ف‬‫ك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫عل‬‫ى‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ثقا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ة‬‫الغ‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫وعلومه‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬
‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ظ‬‫ي‬‫ما‬‫ت‬‫وحضا‬ ‫ه‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ت‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫اج‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬.‫ق‬‫ي‬‫الم‬ ‫ول‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ي‬‫(دو‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ه‬): .;..‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬ٍ‫ن‬‫صوص‬
‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫الخامس‬‫ب‬‫ق‬‫الم‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫الد‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ز‬‫ت‬‫سائل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أل‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫دع‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ف‬‫ضل‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫أ‬‫ف‬‫الطو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫ول‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫األلما‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫(ها‬‫ي‬‫دج‬‫ر‬): .;..‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫كا‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫للعلوم‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫لم‬ ‫لو‬ ‫وجد‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫ها‬
‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ت‬‫عل‬ ‫دم‬‫ي‬‫ها‬...;‫وح‬‫ت‬‫ى‬(‫ش‬‫ت‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬)‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ص‬‫ف‬‫هم‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫(ج‬ ‫هم‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫الع‬‫ق‬)‫ل‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ول‬‫ب‬‫ك‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ه‬(‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫العص‬‫ر‬
‫المأساو‬‫ي‬‫اإلغ‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬)‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الج‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫خاط‬‫ب‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫مسا‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫الم‬ ‫خ‬‫ق‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫ح‬‫وا‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫هم‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫األ‬‫ف‬‫كا‬‫ر‬
‫دو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬ّ‫عك‬‫ر‬‫ص‬‫ف‬‫األ‬ ‫وه‬‫ق‬‫المس‬ ‫ام‬‫ز‬‫ت‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫والصاخ‬‫ب‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الذ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ما‬‫ي‬‫الو‬‫ز‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫زح‬‫ف‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫ت‬‫هم‬...;‫كما‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫ؤكد‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫ضا‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫ال‬‫ي‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫دا‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫األ‬ ‫وا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬‫ق‬‫الك‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ى‬‫لل‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ولم‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫األج‬ ‫لمجمل‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫الالح‬ ‫ل‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫جوه‬ ‫ئا‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬
‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ضا‬‫ف‬‫إل‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫ها‬‫ق‬‫كا‬ ‫د‬ٍ‫ن‬‫جم‬ ‫وا‬‫ي‬‫عا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫وحد‬‫ت‬‫المه‬ ‫هم‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫الوح‬‫ي‬‫د‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫الذ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫عا‬‫ش‬‫وا‬‫ل‬‫لمع‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫وكلهم‬ ‫ط‬
‫ت‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫عو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫ب‬‫و‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ق‬‫دام‬‫ى‬‫الم‬‫ة‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫وه‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫عل‬ ‫وم‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ي‬‫جاد‬‫ش‬‫وعل‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫كلهم‬‫ى‬‫مواصل‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫ك‬‫ت‬‫ماله‬‫ب‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫ضل‬‫ت‬‫حول‬
‫ف‬‫ي‬‫أد‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫اص‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫له‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ر‬‫ح‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫إ‬ ..‫ساعه‬ٍ‫ن‬‫لم‬ ‫هم‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫وا‬‫ب‬‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ز‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫كا‬ ‫ائع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫مهم‬ ‫ل‬ّ‫سه‬‫ت‬‫هم‬.
‫ال‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ي‬‫لسو‬ً‫ف‬ً‫األلما‬ً‫ٍي‬‫ن‬ً(ً‫ش‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫هاو‬ً‫ر‬):ً
‫ي‬‫ص‬‫ف‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هم‬‫جمهو‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫الع‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫أل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫ما‬ٍ‫ن‬‫جزوه‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ ‫مجال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ر‬‫وال‬ ‫والعلم‬‫ف‬ٍ‫ن‬‫والس‬‫ي‬‫اس‬‫ة‬
‫وال‬‫ت‬‫ج‬‫ة‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫االج‬‫ت‬‫ماع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫كا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫كا‬‫ر‬‫لم‬ ‫خالصا‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫مدوه‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ولم‬ ‫أحد‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫لدوا‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ش‬‫ع‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫كا‬ ‫ل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫أس‬‫ي‬‫جد‬ ‫سا‬‫ي‬‫دا‬
‫ل‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫الع‬ ‫اط‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫أما‬ ‫ظم‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫لسو‬‫ف‬‫األلما‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ن‬‫المع‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ف‬‫(ه‬‫ي‬)‫جل‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫األساس‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ه‬
‫(الد‬‫ي‬‫الك‬‫ي‬‫ت‬)‫ك‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ها‬‫ف‬‫الس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫هو‬‫ي‬‫ؤكد‬:‫ب‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ق‬‫ه‬ ‫وال‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫طس‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫أس‬‫ت‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫ع‬
‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ادخلها‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫صم‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ ‫ول‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫ضا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫(ه‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫سا‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ألم‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫عظ‬‫ي‬‫األهم‬ ‫م‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫كو‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫د‬‫أد‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ك‬ٍ‫ن‬
‫الح‬‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫األول‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ق‬‫الص‬ ‫ط‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫المحو‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫جل‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫الص‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫وال‬‫ت‬‫وجدل‬ ‫حول‬
‫وا‬ ‫األضداد‬‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫جاس‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ء‬‫م‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ق‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ضه‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫عمل‬ ‫دعاه‬ ‫ما‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫الد‬‫ي‬‫الك‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫وه‬ ‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ه‬ ‫ها‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫طس‬
‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫السادس‬‫ب‬‫ق‬‫الم‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫الد‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ه‬ ‫األضداد‬ ‫جدل‬‫ي‬‫إحد‬‫ى‬‫األ‬‫ف‬‫كا‬‫ر‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫لس‬‫ف‬‫ية‬‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ئ‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫غط‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫ها‬
‫كا‬‫ف‬‫ة‬‫ال‬‫ش‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اطا‬‫ت‬‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫والعلم‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫واالج‬‫ت‬‫ماع‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫والدول‬‫ة‬‫ي‬.

11. 11
‫الخا‬ً‫ت‬‫م‬ً‫ة‬ً:ً
‫معِكلِهذهِاألهم‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬ِ‫المعـــ‬َِ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬ِ‫ِال‬‫لهذه‬ِ‫ف‬‫ك‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫المحو‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬ َ‫ر‬ِِ‫ف‬‫إ‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هاِذا‬ِ‫ت‬ِِ‫أصل‬ِ‫ي‬‫و‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ا‬ِ‫ٍي‬‫ن‬‫.ِإ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬ِ
ِ‫ش‬ِ‫كل‬‫م‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫أ‬ِ‫ش‬‫كالِالوع‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ي‬ َ‫ر‬‫ش‬َ‫ب‬ِ،ِ‫ف‬‫ه‬ِ‫ي‬ِِ‫ت‬‫ه‬ِ‫ت‬ِ‫م‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫ب‬‫ضا‬ِ‫ي‬‫ا‬ِ‫المج‬ِ‫ت‬‫معِوهمومِالعص‬َِ‫ر‬ِ‫و‬ِ‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ولِ(ِما‬َِ‫ر‬)ِ‫كس‬ِِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬ِ
‫هذاِالصددل‬ِ‫ي‬‫سِوع‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫ال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫اسِهوِالذ‬ِ‫ي‬ِِ‫ي‬ِ،‫حددِوجودهم‬َِ‫ب‬‫لِإ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫وجودهمِاالج‬ِ‫ت‬‫ماع‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫هوِالذ‬ِ‫ي‬ِِ‫ي‬ِ‫حدد‬
‫وع‬ِ‫ي‬.‫هم‬;.‫إ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ت‬‫ة‬‫خ‬ِ‫ت‬‫ل‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ع‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫السوس‬ِ‫ي‬‫ولوج‬ِ‫ي‬‫اِواأل‬َِ‫ر‬‫ٍث‬‫ن‬‫و‬َِ‫ب‬‫ولوج‬ِ‫ي‬ِ.‫ا‬ِ
‫أل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫هاِل‬ِ‫ي‬‫س‬ِ‫ت‬ِ‫د‬َِ‫ر‬‫اس‬ِ‫ة‬ِ‫علم‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬ِ‫موضوع‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ِ‫ق‬‫ضا‬ِ‫ي‬‫اِمج‬ِ‫ت‬‫معِمع‬ٍِ‫ن‬‫ي‬ِ‫؛ِول‬ِ‫ي‬‫س‬ِ‫ت‬ِ‫مج‬َِ‫ر‬ِ‫د‬ِ‫ش‬‫ت‬‫خ‬ِ‫ي‬‫صِل‬َِ‫ب‬ِ‫عض‬
‫األم‬َِ‫ر‬‫اضِاالج‬ِ‫ت‬‫ماع‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬‫.ِإ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫الطا‬َِ‫ب‬‫عِالعامِوال‬ِ‫ش‬‫مول‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫لل‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬ِ‫ي‬‫أ‬َِ‫ب‬ِ‫ى‬ِ‫ذلك.ِإ‬ٍ‫ن‬ِ‫هاِال‬ِ‫ت‬‫د‬َِ‫ر‬‫سِماِهوِكائ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِِ‫إال‬
ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫إطا‬َِ‫ر‬ِِ‫ما‬َِ‫ب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫أ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِِ‫ي‬‫كو‬ٍِ‫ن‬‫.ِإ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫طموحِال‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬‫لسو‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫إل‬ِ‫ى‬ِِ‫ت‬‫ح‬ِ‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬ِ‫الكو‬ِ‫ة‬‫ٍي‬‫ن‬ِِ‫ي‬ِ‫جعله‬َِ‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬‫عِع‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫أ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِِ‫ي‬‫ص‬َِ‫ب‬ِ‫ح‬
‫مج‬َِ‫ر‬‫دِمصلحِاج‬ِ‫ت‬‫ماع‬ِ‫ي‬‫،ِأوِأ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِِ‫ي‬‫كو‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫عل‬ِ‫ى‬ِ‫األك‬َِ‫ر‬‫ث‬ِ‫عالماِاج‬ِ‫ت‬‫ماع‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫ا‬ِ‫ف‬َِ‫ر‬‫ض‬ِ‫ت‬‫هِظ‬َِ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬ِِ‫ت‬‫ا‬ِ‫ي‬ َ‫ر‬‫خ‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬ِ.ِ
ِ‫ف‬‫ماِهوِالس‬َِ‫ب‬َ‫ب‬ِِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫اه‬ِ‫ت‬‫مامِال‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬‫لسو‬ِ‫ف‬ِِ‫ق‬َ‫ب‬‫ضا‬ِ‫ي‬‫اِالح‬ِ‫ي‬‫ا‬ِ‫ة‬ِ‫والمج‬ِ‫ت‬‫مع؟‬ِ
ِ‫والجوا‬َِ‫ب‬ِ‫أوالِأل‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬َِ‫ب‬‫ة‬‫ح‬ِ‫ث‬ِ‫ع‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫الح‬ِ‫ة‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫،واألجو‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ي‬‫ت‬َِِ‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫ت‬ِ،‫حها‬ٍِ‫ن‬‫ي‬َ‫ب‬‫ت‬ِ‫أ‬ٍ‫ن‬ِ‫ها‬ِ‫ف‬‫حصِم‬ِ‫ث‬‫ا‬َِ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬ِ
‫و‬َِ‫ر‬‫ِالم‬‫ِاإلسهام‬‫اء‬َِ‫ب‬‫ا‬َِ‫ر‬‫ش‬ِِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫حلِالم‬ِ‫ش‬‫ِاإل‬‫اكل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ِ‫ة‬‫ٍي‬‫ن‬ِ‫ِكا‬ ‫مهما‬ِ‫ٍت‬‫ن‬ِِ‫ف‬َِ‫ر‬‫صِال‬ٍ‫ن‬‫جاحِضع‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬‫.ِو‬ِ‫ث‬‫ا‬ِ‫ٍي‬‫ن‬‫اِأل‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ
‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ت‬‫ة‬‫ول‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫األهم‬ِ‫ة‬‫ي‬ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ق‬‫صو‬ِ‫ى‬ِ‫لإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫و‬ِ‫ت‬‫ع‬َِ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬‫ت‬‫هِم‬َِ‫ر‬‫كزِاه‬ِ‫ت‬‫ماما‬ِ‫ت‬‫ها،ِح‬ِ‫ث‬‫ي‬ِِ‫ال‬ِ‫ت‬‫ه‬ِ‫ت‬ِ‫م‬َِ‫ب‬‫ال‬ِ‫ق‬‫ض‬‫ا‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫اِإال‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫ب‬‫د‬َِ‫ر‬ِِ‫ما‬
َِ‫ب‬‫ت‬ َ‫ر‬‫ت‬ِ‫ط‬َِ‫ب‬‫اإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫،ِلذا‬ِ‫ق‬ِ(ِ‫ال‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ي‬‫و‬َِ‫ب‬ َ‫ر‬‫اخِ)ِ:ِإ‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِِ‫كل‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬ِِ‫ت‬‫ؤسسِخا‬َِ‫ر‬‫جِاإل‬ٍ‫ن‬‫سا‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ‫و‬َِ‫ب‬‫معزلِع‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ه‬ِِ‫ال‬ِ‫ي‬‫مك‬ٍِ‫ن‬ِ
‫اع‬َِ‫ب‬‫ت‬‫ا‬َِ‫ر‬ِ‫ها‬ِ‫ف‬‫لس‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ة‬..
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12. 12
‫الم‬‫ر‬:‫اجع‬
1-ً‫ها.ًولذلك‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫ائعًوت‬‫ًالوق‬ٍ‫ًعن‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫عب‬‫ًالت‬‫ًهي‬‫ًاللغة‬‫ًمهمة‬ٍ‫ًأن‬‫ًإلى‬‫ًذهب‬‫ث‬‫ع,ًحي‬‫الواق‬‫ًب‬‫ًاللغة‬‫"ًصلة‬‫سالة‬‫ً"الر‬‫اب‬‫كت‬‫ي‬ً‫وجـد‬
‫ًال‬‫اسة‬‫ًدر‬‫،ًمدخلًإلى‬ٍ‫ان‬‫:ًد.ًمحمدًمهر‬‫ٍظـر‬‫ن‬‫"،ًا‬‫عة‬‫ٍاءًالواق‬‫ن‬‫ًو"ب‬‫ة‬‫ار‬‫ٍاءًالعب‬‫ن‬‫ًب‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ًب‬‫ٍاظر‬‫ن‬‫ًالت‬ٍ‫ًمن‬‫ب‬‫ضر‬ً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬ً‫،ًدار‬‫ة‬‫المعاصر‬‫ة‬
‫الثقا‬ً‫ف‬ً,‫ع‬‫وزي‬‫ًوالت‬‫ر‬‫ٍش‬‫ن‬‫يةًلل‬1984‫م,ًص‬176.
2-ً‫حوث‬‫ب‬ً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ًإسالم،ًمر‬‫:ًد.ًعزمي‬‫جمـة‬‫ر‬‫،ًت‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫دًالغ‬‫ًد.ًعب‬‫جعة‬ً‫ف‬ً،‫ت‬‫ًالكوي‬‫ًجامعة‬‫وعات‬‫،ًمطب‬‫ًمكاوي‬‫ـار‬1990‫،ًص‬20.
3-1ًً‫ف‬‫لس‬ً‫ف‬ً‫ة‬ً‫ف‬‫ًأ‬‫،ًمجلة‬ٍ‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ٍش‬‫ن‬‫ج‬‫ت‬‫ي‬ً‫ف‬ً‫،ًعدد‬‫كار‬44ً،1979.‫م‬
4-https://elaph.com/Web/AsdaElaph/2006/5/152270.html
5-1ًWittgenstein,L. "Tractatus Logico- Philosophicus", translated by D. f. E. Pears &B. F.
McGuinness, Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981,p5. 511. Henceforth, Tractatus.
6-www.alittihad.ae/wejhatarticle/84935