1. Acknowledgement
Agricultural
environment Control
system using WSNs
Mansoura University
Faculty of Computers and information
Systems
Dept. Information Technology
AgriculturalenvironmentcontrolsystemusingWirelesssensornetworks
Supervised By
Dr. Eman Mohamed
Dr. Noha Fayed
Dr.Mohammed Azzam
Department of Information Technology
Faculty of Computers and information systems -Mansoura University
2014-2015
2. 1
Mansoura University
Faculty of computers and information
Systems.
Dept. Information Technology
Agricultural
environment Control
system using WSNs
Supervised By
Dr. Eman Mohamed
Dr. Noha Fayed
Dr.Mohammed Azzam
Department of Information Technology
Faculty of Computers and information systems -Mansoura University
2014-2015
3. 2
Team Work
No. Name contact
1 Abdul-aziz mohammed Al-adwi ab.adwi2@gmail.com
2 Ahmed Fawzy El-Bhay a7hmed31 @gmail.com
3 Mohamed Ragab Shaaban. Mrsm2016@gmail.com
4 Yomna Alaa Eladl jolley_yooyaa.girl@yahoo.com
5 Maha Eltantawy Eita maha_7osny@yahoo.com
6 Radwah Mahmoud omar Sweeet_strawberry16@yahoo.com
4. Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude to our advisor and
supervisor Dr. Eman Mohamed for guiding this work with interest.
We would like to also thank Eng. Noha Fayed and Mohammed
Azzam Teaching Assistance for the countless hours they spent with
us. We are grateful to them for setting high standards and giving us
the freedom to explore. We would like to thank our colleagues for
the assistance and constant support provided by them.
Our Team
5. 1
Abstract
The availability of smarter, smaller and inexpensive sensors measuring a
wider range of environmental parameters has enabled continuous timed
monitoring of the environment and real-time applications. This was not
possible earlier when monitoring was based on water sample collection and
laboratory analyses or on automatic sensors wired to field loggers requiring
manual data downloading. During the previous decade, environmental
monitoring has developed from offline sensors to real time, operational sensor
networks and to open Sensor Webs. Sensor networks are used for collecting,
storing and sharing the sensed data. They can also be defined as a system
comprised of a set of sensor nodes and a communication system that allows
automatic data collection and sharing. They allow monitoring remote,
hazardous, dangerous or unwired areas, for example in the monitoring and
warning systems for tsunamis, volcanoes, or seismologic phenomena.
Precision agriculture can be defined as the art and science of using
advanced technology to enhance crop production.
Wireless sensor network is a major technology that drives
the development of precision agriculture. The science and engineering
questions associated with precision agriculture center around increasing the
efficiency to prosper in a sustainable manner. Increases in agricultural
efficiency will stem from networking sensors to elucidate important
spatiotemporal patterns and integrating their data streams so as to not only
display or record information, but to actuate human and autonomous
responses.
Remote sensing can direct the farmer’s efforts toward crop zones in need
of water, nutrients or other attention. This information can increase farming
efficiency providing the farmer receives it in a timely manner and has the
capacity to act on it. Development of a wider array of such devices would
greatly benefit the agricultural sector.
6. 2
Contents
Chapter-01 Introduction.....................................................................................................4
1.1 Problem Definition…….………....……………………..…..……..….……………………………….5
1.2 Problem Solution …………………………………………………………………………………..………………….5
1.3 Business Model ……………………………………...…………………….……………………...………………… 5
1.4 Block Diagram ………………………………………...………………………..………….….....…………………. 6
1.5 Detailed Technical description …………………………………...………………………..…………………. 7
Chapter-02: Arduino and sensor nodes………………………………………….…….........…..……..……..…………………..6
2.1 | Arduino:-
2.1.1 What's on the board?........................................................................................................ 11
2.2 | Wireless sensor nodes......................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 ETap liquid level sensor..........................................................................................................15
2.4.2 Moisture Sensor.....................................................................................................................17
2.4.3 DHT11 Humidity & Temperature Sensor................................................................................19
2.4.4 The Grove - Gas Sensor (MQ2)...............................................................................................21
2.3 Solar Panel..............................................................................................................................25
2.4 Battery....................................................................................................................................27
Chapter-03: Wireless transceiver IC....................................................................................................28
3.1 Introduction to NRF24L01.........................................................................................................29
3.2 NRF24L01 features....................................................................................................................29
3.3 connection between NRF24L01 and Arduino ...........................................................................31
3.4 connection to sensors in the same node...................................................................................34
3.5 How many nodes connected among each other.......................................................................27
3.6 Building WSN ........................................................................................................................... 38
3.7 payload details..........................................................................................................................39
3.8 deployment...............................................................................................................................40
3.9 setting the sleep interval ..........................................................................................................41
3.10 protocols and control of NRF24L01 ........................................................................................41
3.11 problems that faces the system .............................................................................................47
Chapter-04: Software and implementation ........................................................................................48
4.1 Software tools ..........................................................................................................................49
4.2 Control system GUI ............................................................................................................49
4.2.1 Configuration subsystem.................................................................................................49
4.2.2 Monitoring subsystem ....................................................................................................50
4.2.3 Alert subsystem...............................................................................................................52
4.2.4 Decision subsystem .........................................................................................................54
Chapter-05: system security ...............................................................................................................56
5.1 Implementation of security.....................................................................................................57
5.2 Log files....................................................................................................................................58
Appendix............................................................................................................................................60
7. 3
List of figures
Figure Title page number
Fig 1.1 ..........................“System architecture”.......................................................................................6
Fig 1.2.......................... “Sequence diagram for collecting and sensing data”..........................................8
Fig 1.3 ..........................“Entire overview of sensor”...............................................................................9
Fig 2.1 ..........................“Arduino board”..............................................................................................12
Fig 2.2.1........................”eTape liquid level sensor”............................................................................15
Fig 2.2.2 ........................“moisture sensor” ........................................................................................18
Fig 2.2.3....................... “DH11 humidity and temperature sensor”.....................................................20
Fig 2.2.4........................“Gas sensor” .................................................................................................21
Fig 2.3 ..........................“Solar panel”.................................................................................................26
Fig 2.4...........................”Battery” ......................................................................................................27
Fig 3.1........................... “Wireless transceiver”..................................................................................31
Fig 3.3 ...........................“connect wireless to Arduino” ......................................................................32
Fig 3.5........................... “Connections between nodes” .....................................................................38
Fig 4.2.1........................ “GUI configuration system”..........................................................................50
Fig 4.2.2.1..................... “Basic monitoring mode”............................................................................51
Fig 4.2.2.2 .....................“Advanced monitoring mode”.......................................................................52
Fig 4.2.2.3 .....................“Alert subsystem”.........................................................................................53
Fig 4.2.2.4 ....................“Decision subsystem”.....................................................................................54
9. 5
1.1 | PROBLEM DEFINITION
Agriculture is considered one of the main vital factors to human beings.
We are at the age of Technology. Technology became everything at everything
we can see in our life.
From this point came the challenge about applying technology at Agriculture to control
the agricultural environment system using piece of advanced technology.
Applying these Agricultural technology has more and more benefits for
humans, countries and farmers. It saves effort and time that farmer may need.
It also contribute to increase crop production as you will control the whole
farming system with technology.
1.2 | PROBLEM SOLUTION
Earlier monitoring was based on water sample collection and
laboratory analyses or on automatic sensors wired to field loggers requiring
manual data downloading. During the previous decade, environmental
monitoring has developed from offline sensors to real time, operational
sensor networks and to open Sensor Webs. Sensor networks are used for
collecting, storing and sharing the sensed data.
They can also be defined as a system comprised of a set of sensor nodes and a
communication system that allows automatic data collection and sharing.
They allow monitoring remote, hazardous, dangerous or unwired areas, for example in
the monitoring and warning systems for tsunamis, volcanoes, or seismologic
phenomena.
1.3 | BUSINESS MODEL
our customers are farmers who are in dead need for some technology to help
them at the farming system.
Our product would cover some needs of our customers as helping them to control
10. 6
their work in some technological manner. Providing them with some scientific
information to help them take right decisions.
Our system will also provide them with climate conditions such as temperature,
Humidity, Moisture and the level of water at the soil.
To reach our goal we met with different farmers to know exactly what they need and help
us to get a vision for our final product to be familiar with them and
also we were guided technically by our sponsors to find the best way to cover all
these needs.
In our market the available products doesn't cover all needs we just found some
products but they were complex and expensive for traditional farmer.
1.4 | BLOCK DIAGRAMS
This is the physical view for our system.
Our system depends on the client/server system criteria. Client is the user and
direct connected components with him. Server is components that lands in the farm
that will collect information and send it to user at control room.
Fig. (1.1): System Architecture.
11. 7
1.5 | DETAILED TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION.
Our project was built on the simplest available technologies to reach our goal
in the way that comfort the user so we divided our project into 2 parts software and
hardware.
The hardware part consists of two Arduino boards’ acts as one for client part
and the other for the server.
At the Client we can find user control room and wireless transceiver module
combined to the board.
At server side we can find sensors such as temperature sensor that will get
data about climate change, Humidity sensor, moisture sensor, water level sensor,
light sensor and gas sensor.
All of the previous are settled on the board that get its power from a
chargeable battery.
The software part is windows application available to be installed on any pc.
In the hardware part there're 2 parts for it client and server.
At the server, sensors can gather information from the surround environment then
sensors will send data to sensor manager known as the Arduino board that will
analysis them and convert them to data format.
Data will be stored at sensor external memory then the transceiver wireless module
can interact with sensor and asks for data which will be sent by sensor if it is.
Wireless transceiver can send data through the channel built between the other
transceiver at client side.
Data reached to the client can be managed by user connected with the board through
the GUI which is a windows forms application.
Sensor major work depends on the Micro-Controller chip that is a middle
part between its external memory and the transceiver. (See fig 1.2)
12. 8
The controller performs tasks, processes data and controls the functionality of
other components in the sensor node.
Fig. (1.2): Sequence diagram for collecting and sending data
A microcontroller is often used in many embedded systems such as sensor
nodes because of its low cost, flexibility to connect to other devices, ease of
programming, and low power consumption.
Transceiver Sensor nodes often make use of ISM band, which gives free
radio, spectrum allocation and global availability. The possible choices of
wireless transmission media are radio frequency (RF), optical communication
(laser) and infrared. Lasers require less energy.
External memory From an energy perspective, the most relevant kinds of
memory are the on chip memory of a microcontroller and Flash memory—off
chip RAM is rarely, if ever, used. Flash memories are used due to their cost and
storage capacity.
Memory requirements are very much application dependent. Two
categories of memory based on the purpose of storage are: user memory used
13. 9
for storing application related or personal data, and program memory used for
programming the device. Program memory also contains identification data of
the device if present.
A wireless sensor node is a popular solution when it is difficult or
impossible to run a mains supply to the sensor node. However, since the
wireless sensor node is often placed in a hard to reach location, changing the
battery regularly can be costly and inconvenient.
An important aspect in the development of a wireless sensor node is
ensuring that there is always adequate energy available to power the system.
The sensor node consumes power for sensing, communicating and data
processing. More energy is required for data communication than any other
process.
The energy cost of transmitting 1 Kb a distance of 100 meters (330 ft) is
approximately the same as that used for the execution of 3 million instructions
by a 100 million instructions per second/W processor.
Power is stored either in batteries or capacitors. Batteries, both rechargeable and
non-rechargeable, are the main source of power supply for sensor nodes.
Fig. (1.3): Entire overview of sensor
node.
15. 11
2.1| Arduino
Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects.
Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred
to as a microcontroller and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and
upload computer code to the physical board.
The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out
with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable
circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called
a programmer) in order to load new code onto the board – you can simply use
a USB cable.
Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it
easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor
that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible
package.
2.1.1 | What's on the board?
There are many varieties of Arduino boards that can be used for different
purposes. Some boards look a bit different from the one below, but most
Arduinos have the majority of these components in common:
16. 12
1- Power (USB / Barrel Jack)
Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The
Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer
or a wall power supply that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above
the USB connection is labeled (1) and the barrel jack is labeled (2).
The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board.
NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will
overpower (and thereby destroy) Arduino.
The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and 12
Volts.
17. 13
2- Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)
The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct
a circuit (probably in conjunction with a breadboard and some wire.
They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a wire
right into the board.
The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the
board and used for different functions.
GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the
Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of
power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple
components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5
on the UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an
analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital
value that we can read.
Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through
13 on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like
telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).
PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital
pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital
pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation
(PWM).
18. 14
AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave
this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
3- Reset Button
Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset
pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be
very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times.
Unlike the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn’t
usually fix any problems.
4- Power LED Indicator
Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board, there’s
a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up whenever
you plug your Arduino into a power source. If this light doesn’t turn on,
there’s a good chance something is wrong. Time to re-check your circuit!
5- TX RX LEDs
TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a
bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial connection. In our
case, there are two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear –
once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and RX
indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re
loading a new program onto the board).
19. 15
6- Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact
with on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what
it’s for. The voltage regulator does exactly what it says – it controls the amount of
voltage that is let into the Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it
will turn away an extra voltage that might harm the circuit. Of course, it has its
limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to anything greater than 20 volts.
2.2| Wireless sensor nodes.
2.2.1 | ETap liquid level sensor
Description
The eTape sensor is a solid state, continuous (multi-level) fluid level sensor for
measuring levels in water, non-corrosive water based liquids and dry fluids
(powders). The eTape sensor is manufactured using printed electronic
technologies which employ additive direct printing processes to produce
functional circuits.
Theory of operation
The eTape sensor's envelope is compressed by hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in
which it is immersed resulting in a change in resistance which corresponds to the
20. 16
distance from the top of the sensor to the fluid surface. The eTape sensor provides
a resistive output that is inversely proportional to the level of the liquid: the lower
the liquid level, the higher the output resistance; the higher the liquid level, the
lower the output resistance.
Specifications
Sensor Length: 14.1" (358 mm) resolution: < 0.01“(0.25 mm)
Thickness: 0.015" (0.381mm) actuation depth: Nominal 1” (25.4 mm)
Width: 1.0" (25.4 mm) Reference Resistor (Rref): 2250, ±10%
Active Sensor Length: 12.4" (315 mm) Connector: Crimp flex
Pins
Sensor Output: 2250 empty, 400 full, ±10%
Temperature Range: 15°F - 150°F (-9°C - 65°C)
Resistance Gradient: 150 /inch (59/cm), ±10%
Power Rating: 0.5 Watts (VMax = 10V)
Connection and Installation
Connect to the eTape by attaching a 4 pin connector with pre-soldered wires to
the Crimp flex pins. Do not solder directly to the Crimp flex pins.
The inner two pins (pins 2 and 3) are the sensor output (Rsense).
The outer pins (pins 1 and 4) are the reference resistor (Rref) which can be used
for temperature compensation.
Suspend the eTape sensor in the fluid to be measured. To work properly the
sensor must remain straight and must not be bent vertically or longitudinally.
For best results install the sensor inside a section of 1-inch diameter PVC pipe.
Double sided adhesive tape may be applied to the upper back portion of the
21. 17
sensor to suspend the sensor in the container to be measured. However, the liquid
must be allowed to interact freely with both sides of the sensor.
The vent hole located above the max line allows the eTape to equilibrate with
atmospheric pressure. The vent hole is fitted with a hydrophobic filter membrane
to prevent the eTape from being swamped if inadvertently submerged.
2.2.2 | Moisture Sensor
Description
The moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil
surrounding it, it’s a low tech sensor but ideal for monitoring an urban garden or
your pet plant’s water level.
It can be used to detect the moisture of soil or judge if there is water around the
sensor, let the plants in your garden reach out for human help , the can be very
to use , just insert it into the soil and read it. With help of this sensor, it will be
realizable to make the plant remind you: hey I am thirsty now give me some
water.
22. 18
The moisture sensor uses the two probes to pass the current through the soil and
then it reads that resistant to get the moisture level, more water makes the soil
conduct electricity more easy ( less resistance), while dry soil conduct electricity
poorly (more resistance).
This item has low power consumption and high sensitivity which are the biggest
characteristics of this module.
This item can be compatible with Arduino uno, Arduino mega2560, Arduino
ADK.
Features
Working voltage: 5 volt Working current<20 ma
Interface: analog Depth of detection:
37mm
23. 19
Working temperature: 10C~30C Weight:
3g
Size: 63*20*8 mm Arduino compatible interface
Low power consumption High sensitivity
Pin definition
“S” stands for signal input
“+” stands for power supply
“-” stands for GND (ground)
2.2.3 | DHT11 Humidity & Temperature Sensor
DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity
sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive
digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing
technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term stability. This
sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC
temperature measurement component, and connects to a high-performance 8-bit
microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability
and cost-effectiveness.
DHT11’s power supply is 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to the sensor, do
not send any instruction to the sensor in within one second in order to pass the
unstable status. One capacitor valued 100nF can be added between VDD and
GND for power filtering.
24. 20
Power and Pin
DHT11’s power supply is 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to the sensor, do
not send any instruction to the sensor in within one second in order to pass the
unstable status. One capacitor valued 100nF can be added between VDD and
GND for power filtering.
Communication Process: Serial Interface (Single-Wire Two-Way)
Single-bus data format is used for communication and synchronization between
MCU and DHT11 sensor. One communication process is about 4ms.
Data consists of decimal and integral parts. A complete data transmission is
40bit, and the sensor sends higher data bit first.
25. 21
Data format: 8-bit integral RH data + 8-bit decimal RH data + 8-bit integral T
data + 8-bit decimal T data + 8-bit check sum.
If the data transmission is right, the check-sum should be the last 8-bit of "8-bit
integral RH data + 8-bit decimal RH data + 8-bit integral T data + 8-bit decimal
T data".
2.2.4 | The Grove - Gas Sensor (MQ2)
The Grove - Gas Sensor(MQ2) module is useful for gas leakage detecting(in home and
industry). It can detect H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke, Propane. Based on its fast
response time. Measurements can be taken as soon as possible. Also the sensitivity can be
adjusted by the potentiometer.
Features
Wide detecting scope
Stable and long life
Fast response and High sensitivity
26. 22
Application Ideas
Gas leakage detecting
Toys
Mechanic Dimensions
Electronic Characteristics
Items Parameter name Min Type Max Unit
System Characteristics
VCC Working Voltage 4.9 5 5.1 V
PH Heating consumption 0.5 - 800 mW
RL Load resistance can adjust
RH Heater resistance - 33 - Ω
Rs Sensing Resistance 3 - 30 kΩ
2.2.4.1 | Hardware Installation
Grove products have an eco system and all have a same connector which can
plug onto the Base Shield. Connect this module to the A0 port of Base Shield,
however, you can also connect Gas sensor to Arduino without Base Shield by
jumper wires.
ARDUINO UNO GAS SENSOR
5V VCC
GND GND
NC NC
27. 23
ANALOG A0 SIG
You can gain the present voltage through the SIG pin of sensor. The higher the
concentration of the gas, the bigger the output voltage of the SIG pin.
Sensitivity can be regulated by rotating the potentiometer. Please note the best
preheat time of the sensor is above 24 hours. For the detailed information
about the MQ-2 sensor please refer to the datasheet.
How to use
There're two steps you need to do before getting the concentration of gas.
First, connect the module with Grove Shield using A0 like the picture above.
And put the sensor in a clear air and use the program below.
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
28. 24
}
void loop() {
float sensor_volt;
float RS_air; // Get the value of RS via in a clear air
float R0; // Get the value of R0 via in H2
float sensorValue;
/*--- Get a average data by testing 100 times ---*/
for(int x = 0 ; x < 100 ; x++)
{
sensorValue = sensorValue + analogRead(A0);
}
sensorValue = sensorValue/100.0;
/*-----------------------------------------------*/
sensor_volt = sensorValue/1024*5.0;
RS_air = (5.0-sensor_volt)/sensor_volt; // omit *RL
R0 = RS_air/10.0; // The ratio of RS/R0 is 10 in a clear air
Serial.print("sensor_volt = ");
Serial.print(sensor_volt);
Serial.println("V");
Serial.print("R0 = ");
Serial.println(R0);
delay(1000);
}
Then, open the monitor of Arduino IDE, you can see some data are printed,
write down the value of R0 and you need to use it in the following program.
During this step, you may pay a while time to test the value of R0.
Second, put the sensor in one gas where the environment you want to test in.
However, don't forget to replace the R0 below with value of R0 tested above
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
29. 25
float sensor_volt;
float RS_gas; // Get value of RS in a GAS
float ratio; // Get ratio RS_GAS/RS_air
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
sensor_volt=(float)sensorValue/1024*5.0;
RS_gas = (5.0-sensor_volt)/sensor_volt; // omit *RL
/*-Replace the name "R0" with the value of R0 in the demo of
First Test -*/
ratio = RS_gas/R0; // ratio = RS/R0
/*------------------------------------------------------------
-----------*/
Serial.print("sensor_volt = ");
Serial.println(sensor_volt);
Serial.print("RS_ratio = ");
Serial.println(RS_gas);
Serial.print("Rs/R0 = ");
Serial.println(ratio);
Serial.print("nn");
delay(1000);
}
2.3 | Solar Panel
This solar panel is made of single-crystal material that performs high solar
energy transformation efficiency at 17%. It has a fine resin surface and sturdy
back suitable for outdoor environments. A 2mm JST connecter is attached to
the penal, which makes it perfect to team up with most of our can-use-solar-
power-supply boards, like Seeeduino microcontroller series, Lipo Rider
charging boards seriesand XBee carrier WSN products series.
The typical open circuit voltage is around 5V, depending on light intensity. In
those bright summer days with clear sky and big sun, the peak OC voltage can
rush up to 10V. To prevent any damage to boards that accept a narrow range
30. 26
of input voltage, like Lipo Rider, it’s recommended to check whether the OC
voltage is safe before any connection.
Features
Dimensions: 160x116x2.5(±0.2) mm
Typical voltage: 5.5V
Typical current: 450mA
Open-circuit voltage: 8.2 V
Maximum load voltage: 6.4V
31. 27
2.4 | Battery.
We can use a chargeable battery for our project as a power source for
system.
33. 29
3.1 | Introduction to nrf24L01:
This module uses the newest 2.4GHz transceiver with an embedded baseband
protocol engine from Nordic Semiconductor, suitable for ultra-low power
wireless application, the nRF24L01+. This transceiver IC operates in the
2.4GHz band and has many new features, version of the IC has improved
range, sensitivity, and data rates. The command set is backward compatible
with the original nRF24L01.
You can operate and configure nRF24L01+ through Serial Peripheral Interface
(SPI) the register map, which is accessible through SPI, contains all
configuration registers in nRF24L01 and is accessible in all operation modes of
the chip.
The embedded baseband protocol engine is based on packet communication
and support various modes from manual operations to advanced autonomous
protocol operation.
Radio front end uses GFSK modulation. It has user configurable parameter
like frequency channel, output power and air data rate.
3.2 | NRF 24L01 Features:
1-Radio:
Worldwide 2.4GHz ISM band operation.
126 RF channel.
Common RX and TX interface.
GFSK modulation.
250kbps, 1 and 2 Mbps air data rate.
1 MHz Non-overlapping channel spacing at 1Mbps.
34. 30
2 MHz Non-overlapping channel spacing at 2 Mbps.
2-Transmitter:
Programmable output power: 0, -6, -12 or -18 dBm.
11.3 mA at 0dBm output power.
3-Reciver:
Fast AGC for improved dynamic range.
Integrated channel filters.
13.5 mA at 2Mbps.
-82dBm sensitivity at 2 Mbps.
-85dBm sensitivity at 1 Mbps.
-94dBm sensitivity at 250 kbps.
4-RF Synthesizer:
Fully integrated synthesizer.
No external loop filter. VCO varactor diode or resonator.
Accept low cost +- 60 ppm 16MHz crystal.
5-Enhanced ShockBrust:
1 to 32 byte dynamic payload length.
Automatic packet handling.
Auto packet transaction handling.
6 data pipe MultiCeiver for 1:6 star networks.
6-Power Management
Integrated voltage regulator.
1.9 to 3.6V supply range.
Idle modes with fast start-up times for advanced power management.
35. 31
3.3 | Connection to Arduino:
Now, when we know nRF24L01 module pin-out we can now connect
nrf24L01 to Arduino or some other board. Just connect pins on the same
name on Arduino board and nRF24L01 wireless module:
37. 33
SPI signals are in the ICSP connector. For connecting we suggest using
female/female jumper wires (type FF). The rest of the signals can be connected
using a female/male jumper wires (type FM).
Connect power pins from nRFto Arduino as shown below:
nRF24L01 Arduino Description
GND GND GND
VCC 3.3 V Power
CSN 7 Chip Select Not
CE 8 Control RX/TX
MOSI 11 Master Output
MISO 12 Master Input
SCK 13 Serial Clock
CE and CSN pins can be connected to any digital pins. Then in RF24 library, you
can specify which pins you used.
In our Project we will divided communication into two parts
Communication between sensors and nRF24L01 at the same node.
Communication among nodes.
And so on until data sent completely to Sink.
38. 34
3.4 | Connection to Sensors in the same node:
RF24Network is a network layer for Nordic nRF24L01+ radios running on
Arduino-compatible hardware. It’s goal is to have an alternative to Xbeeradios for
communication between Arduino units, It provides a host address space and
message routing for up to 6,000 nodes. The layer forms the background of a
capable and scalable Wireless Sensor Network system, at the same time, it makes
communication between even two nodes very simple.
Firstly, we need send all data of sensors which we have her to our wireless
modulation.
We have five sensors (Temperature &Humidity, Moisture Soil_PIN4, Water
Level_PIN5, Smoke_PIN2 and Light_PIN3) that give us almost six data read
within an array called (joystick [6]). That readings of our sensors should send to
and stored in modulation to send them in its turn to receiver, to do this we will be
create RF24radio at (CE_PIN, CSN_PIN).
This Rf24 radio will assign to send readings in a module that we will call it (Pipe).
The main goal of our Project here is that we need get reading of data continuously,
so we need a loop on data read of sensors to store like that
joystick[0] = analogRead(2); // smoke
joystick[1] = analogRead(3); // light
joystick[2]=analogRead(4); // moisture
joystick[3]=analogRead(5); // water level
joystick[4]=int(humidity); // humidity
joystick[5]=int(temperature); // temperature
39. 35
Now, we need to check if data that modulation (Transmitter) received is
correct or there is any loss in data sent, So we make a condition that will
have size of array that hold data with symbols for each reading and then
compare it to size of data sent when read it, if size of array is the same and
there is no any loss of reading or any error the modulation start its
communication to other-side part at receiver.
The receiver must know serial port of node that will be receive data from it,
so the sender will send its serial port to receiver to receive data by way and
Protocols we will take about it later in this chapter. Then modulation
(Receiver) will send data by turn to Windows Application for monitoring it
to user.
To make all of this to happen we need first some libraries
/* ---(Import need libraries )---*
#include <SPI.h>
#include <nRF24L01.h>
#include <RF24.h>
That kinds of libraries we talk about above that used and help to set
channel.
Then we need to Declare Constants and Pin Numbers, then object and
variable after that...
40. 36
/*---(Declare Constant and Pin Numbers)---*
#define CE_PIN 7 ///7 9
#define CSN_PIN 8 /// 8 10
#define led 6
/*---(Declare Object)---*
RF24 radio (CE_PIN , CSN_PIN); //Create Radio
/*---(Declare Variable)---*
Int joystick[6]; // 3 element array holding Joystick readings
Then we need give Serial Number to receiver
Serial.begin(9600);
//Serial.println("nRf24L01 Receiver starting");
radio.begin();
radio.openReadingPipe(1,pipe);
radio.startListening();
pinMode(led,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
delay(1000);
At the end Receiver will check if data receive is true and completely or there
is any error or loss
41. 37
Void loop() /****LOOP:RUNS CONSTANTLY****
{
If (radio.avalible())
{
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
//Read data payload until we've received anything
Bool done = true;
If (done == true){
//Fetch data payload
Done = radio.read(joystick , sizeof(joystick));
Serial.print(joystick[0]); }
And so on until receive all data.
Else that the array will contain all data with Zeros that sign to there are an
error must recover.
3.5 | How many Nodes connect among each other:
RF24Network works great with a few nodes, Nodes are automatically
configured in a tree topology, according to their node address. Nodes can
42. 38
only directly communicate with their parent and their children. The
network will automatically send messages to the right place.
There will be a Node that act like a “base”, others nodes directly
communicate with base Node, but not with each other, so for two Nodes to
send a message to each other, it will travel through base Node.
Nodes that connected to one base nearby node consider a children for this
Node.
In practice, we have gotten in the habit of designating a “router “node,
using a high-power antenna, then all the nodes on that floor communicate
with the “Parent”.
43. 39
3.6 | Building a Wireless Sensor Network:
The “sensor-net” is the place to start from when building out a network of
sensors. There we will demonstrates how to send a pair of sensor readings
back to the base from any number of nodes. Every node will send a ping to
the base every 4 seconds, which is a good interval for testing, while in
practice you’ll want a much longer interval. Leaf nodes will sleep in
between transmissions to conserve battery life.
3.7 | Payload Details:
RF24Network sends two pieces of information out on the wire in each
frame, a header and a message. The header is defined by the library, and
used to route frames to the correct place, and provide standard information.
This is defined in RF24Network.
/**
*Header which is sent with each message
*
*The frame put over the air consist of this heard and a message
*/
Struct RF2NetworkHeader
{
Uintl6_t from_node ; /**<Logical address where message was generated */
Uintl6_t to_node; /**<Logical address where message is going*/
Uintl6_t id; /**<Sequential message ID, incremented every message */
Unsigned char type ; /**<Type of the packet, 0-127 are user-defined types, 128-255 are
reserved for system */
Unsigned char reserved ; /**<Reserved from future use */
44. 40
The message is application-defined, and the header keeps track of the TYPE
of message using a single character. So your application can have different
types of messages to transmit different kinds of information. For the sensor-
net, we’ll use only a type ‘S’ message, meaning “Sensor Data”.
This message is defined in the example, in S_message.h:
/**
*Sensor message (type ‘S’)
*/
StructS_message
{
Until6_t temp_reading;
Until6_t humid_reading;
S_message (void): temp_reading (0), humid_reading (0), counter (next_counter++) {}
Char*toString (void)
};
This simply contains a temperature and humidity reading.
3.8 | Deployment:
Put the sketch on every node. Start it first while connected to the serial port,
so you can give it an address:
RF24network/sensor-net/
PLATFORM: Getting Started Board
VERSION: ……
***No valid address found. Send node address via serial of the form
45. 41
Once you get a bunch of them going, you’ll see the whole spew
3.9 | Setting the sleep interval:
Once it’s up and running, you can change the sleep interval to something
more rational. For production networks, I shoot for one reading from each
node every minute, which is probably overkill but it gives me some
flexibility because sometimes nodes have trouble reaching the base for
several minutes at a time. These are the values to adjust
//Sleep constants.
//every 4s, and every single wakeup we power up the radio and send
//a reading. In real use, these numbers which be much higher.
Constintsleep_cycles_per_transmission=1;
3.10 | Protocols & Control of nRF24L01:
1-PA Control:
The PA (Power Amplifier) control is used to set the output power from the
NRF24L01+ power amplifier.
In TX mode PA control has four Programmable steps.
This Table is RF output power setting for the nRF24L01
46. 42
SPI RF_SETUP
(RF_PWR)
RF Output
Power
DC Current
Consumption
11 0 11.3mA
10 -6dBm 9.0mA
01 -12dBm 7.5mA
00 -18dBm 7.0mA
Conditions:
VDD= 3.0V, VSS= 0V, TA = 27ºC, Load impedance = 15Ω+j88Ω
2-RX/TX Control:
The RX/TX control is set by PRIM_RXbit in the CONFIG register and sets
the nRF24L01+ in transmit / receive mode.
Command:
1-SPI Command:
Command name Command word
(binary)
#Data Bytes Operations
R_REGISTER 000A AAAA 1 to 5 LSByte first Read command and
status Register ,
AAAAA=5 bit
register Map address
47. 43
W_REGISTER 001A AAAA 1 to 5 LSByte first Write command and
status registers.
AAAAA = 5
bit Register Map
Address
Executable in power
down or standby
modes only.
R_RX_PAYLOAD 0110 0001 1 to 32 LSByte first Read RX-payload: 1
– 32 bytes.
A read operation
always starts at byte
0.
Payload is deleted
from FIFO after it is
read. Used in RX
mode.
W_TX_PAYLOAD 1010 0000 1 to 32 LSByte first Write TX-payload:
1 – 32 bytes.
A write operation
always starts at byte
0 used in TX
payload.
FLUSH_TX 1110 0001 0 Flush TX FIFO,
used in TX mode
FLUSH_RX 1110 00010 0 Flush RX FIFO,
used in RX mode
Should not be
48. 44
executed during
transmission of
acknowledge, that
is, acknowledge
package will not be
completed.
REUSE_TX_PL 1110 0011 0 Used for a PTX
device
Reuse last
transmitted payload.
TX payload reuse is
active until
W_TX_PAYLOAD
or FLUSH TX is
executed. TX
payload reuse must
not be activated or
deactivated during
package
transmission.
R_RX_PL_ WIDa 0110 0000 1 Read RX payload
width for the top
R_RX_PAYLOAD
in the RX FIFO.
W_ACK_PAYLOADa 1010 1PPP 1 to 32 LSByte first Used in RX mode.
Write Payload to be
transmitted together
49. 45
with
ACK packet on
PIPE PPP. (PPP
valid in the
Range from 000 to
101). Maximum
three ACK
Packet payloads can
be pending.
Payloads with
same PPP are
handled using first
in - first out
principle.
Write payload: 1–
32 bytes.
A write operation
always starts at byte
0.
W_TX_PAYLOAD_NO
ACKa
1011 0000 1 to 32 LSByte first Used in TX mode.
Disables
AUTOACK
on this specific
packet.
NOP 1111 1111 0 No Operation.
Might be used to
read the
STATUS
50. 46
register
The W_REGISTERand R_REGISTER commands operate on single or
multibyteregisters.
When accessing multi-byte registers read or write to the MSBit of LSByte first.
You can terminate the writing before all bytes in a multi-byte register are
written, leaving the unwritten MSByte(s) unchanged. For example, the LSByte
of RX_ADDR_P0can be modified by writing only one byte to the
RX_ADDR_P0 register.
The content of the status register is always read to MISO after a high to low
transition on CSN.
2-Data FIFO:
The data FIFOs store transmitted payloads (TX FIFO) or received payloads
that are ready to be clocked out (RX FIFO).
51. 47
You can write to the TX FIFO using these three commands:
W_TX_PAYLOADand W_TX_PAYLOAD_NO_ACKin PTX mode and
W_ACK_PAYLOADin PRX mode.
3.11 | Problems That Faces the System:
Problems differentiated from system to another here problems may be caused:
I. One of sensor can to be damage.
II. Data that will be sent may be loss or false.
III. Battery life is short.
IV. Natural phenomena could cause damage on board or Radio.
V. Attackers that hack system and make damage.
53. 49
4.1 | Software Tools:-
We have used Visual studio IDE for GUI design and programming and SQL
server for database creation and handling
4.2 | Control system GUI.
GUI is considered the dynamic part that user deals with.
We put in our priority to make GUI simple and provide usability for different
users.
System GUI consists of four subsystems that have different functionalities.
These subsystems are mentioned as:
Configuration System.
Monitoring system
Alert System.
Decision system.
4.2.1 | Configuration system:
In this part we seek to configure the best connection between server and user
system.
We can choose the COM port to connect.
We also can provide some error detection techniques that check the
correctness of arrived data from server.
54. 50
4.2.2 | Monitoring subsystem.
The second subsystem we have is the monitoring part which consists of two
states one for normal users and other for future and advanced calculations.
55. 51
Normal Mode.
In this part we can see real-time values that have been collected from different
sensors in the system.
Temperature sensor can show the temperature values and we can manage the
form in which we need to see values such as Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit.
For Humidity sensor we can determine the status if it is dry, humid, and foggy and error.
These different status are determined based on threshold values that are prior defined.
56. 52
In the switch pump part can show the level of water in the soil based on water level
sensor values.
Advanced mode.
We use charts to represent historical values of sensor reads.
4.2.3 | Alert subsystem.
In this part we can use notifications to warn user if there are any unusual sequence of
events.
The system can alert for fire events, irrigation conditions and any hardware problems.
57. 53
Alarms have two states for work.
We can stop them manually but it also can be automatically reopened after 15 minutes.
4.2.4 | Decision subsystem.
In this part we can control threshold values that affect monitoring process.
So that not any one can control and handle these values we assigned authentication
security option to ensure authority of user to do any changes
60. 56
5.1 | Implementation of system security.
This chapter talk about security handled to make our system more secure and flexible
to user.
Security in our system help a lot to overcome problems caused damage in system,
Such: Save our system against any damage or hint user to any failure happen,
Make system more secure against unauthorized users that can use data badly or
hidden important data, Make administrative or authentication users track events that
happen in system.
In the system node's component as smoke sensor (MQ-2) take readings of gas, water
level or Moisture soil given readings about soil condition, this readings saved in buffer
and send to end user.
At user control system there are a subsystem that we take about it previously in
implementation chapter one of them for alert.
Alert activated by buzz or show notifications of error happen that present in three
categories one of fire notification depend on readings from MQ-2, other one for
irrigation notification and finally if hardware failure security control system to be
secure by alert user against fire to make decision or irrigation to switch pump or if any
failure happen to repair damage.
In the another hand system give user some privileges as administrative allowed it to
user ,by get him decision to identify and allow whose can use system be sign up
accounts and permission for authentication users.
61. 57
At this urgent step system make only users that have permission to control and access
to threshold and changes or set values as wanted.
here, system have appropriate threshold values that define a lot of things as crop that
will be good to plant under environmental conditional or determine water level and
so on.
At Security part of system user will be need to track events that will be happened in
the system to detect any unauthorized logging or to have a feedback about events he
done.
5.2 | Log files.
So we depended here on Log files that contain a three categories of files:
-Event History.
-log history.
-Notification.
-Event history: is an extension of authentication process which trace the user actions
that took place in the system.
It help to detect sessions that activated that help user to know if there are any sessions
Opened from non-permission users.
-Log History: Monitoring the access control that performed by administrators at
specific time.
To get user information needed about how long activated sessions runs.
62. 58
-Notification: display all the historical notification that generated by the system to be
reviewed as needed by administrator or users later.
All of that help to make system more secure and flexibly to use, it also give
advantages to system as minimized cost and safety water in irrigation and crops from
damage.
63. 59
Appendix
Node code
#include <SPI.h>
#include <nRF24L01.h>
#include <RF24.h>
#include <dht11.h>
/*-----( Declare Constants and Pin Numbers )-----*/
#define CE_PIN 7 /// 7 9
#define CSN_PIN 8 /// 8 10
#define DHT11PIN 3
// NOTE: the "LL" at the end of the constant is "LongLong" type
const uint64_t pipe = 0xE8E8F0F0E1LL; // Define the transmit pipe
unsigned long t1=0,t2=0;
int joystick[6]; // 6 element array holding Joystick readings
float humidity, temprature ;
int chk =0 ;
/*-----( Declare objects )-----*/
RF24 radio(CE_PIN, CSN_PIN); // Create a Radio
/*-----( Declare Variables )-----*/
dht11 DHT11;
79. 75
Example Code for charting data in advanced Mode
#region Smoke char
// overiding the duplicated values
chrtSmoke.Series["Smoke"].Points.Clear();
SqlDataAdapter storesmoke = new SqlDataAdapter("SELECT TOP 9 [value],[time] FROM
[Agriculture].[dbo].[smoke] order by id desc ;", connect);
SqlDataReader readsmoke;
try
{
connect.Open();
readsmoke = storesmoke.SelectCommand.ExecuteReader();
while (readsmoke.Read())
{
chrtSmoke.Series["Smoke"].Points.AddXY(readsmoke.GetString(1),
readsmoke.GetDouble(0));
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
finally {
connect.Close(); }
#endregion
80. 76
A piece of code that Store data
#region Smoke char
// overiding the duplicated values
chrtSmoke.Series["Smoke"].Points.Clear();
SqlDataAdapter storesmoke = new SqlDataAdapter("SELECT TOP 9 [value],[time] FROM
[Agriculture].[dbo].[smoke] order by id desc ;", connect);
SqlDataReader readsmoke;
try
{
connect.Open();
readsmoke = storesmoke.SelectCommand.ExecuteReader();
while (readsmoke.Read())
{
chrtSmoke.Series["Smoke"].Points.AddXY(readsmoke.GetString(1),
readsmoke.GetDouble(0));
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
finally
{ connect.Close(); }
#endregion
81. 77
Notification sys ex.Fire sys
#region Alarm Fire
if (snoozef == false)
{
if (smoke > thres && smoke < 600)
{
smokeA[si] = 1;
si++;
if (si == 61)
{
si = 0;
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 61; i++)
{
smokeA[i] = 0;
}
}
}
else
{
smokeA[si] = 0;
si++;
if (si == 61)
82. 78
{
si = 0;
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 61; i++)
{
smokeA[i] = 0;
}
}
}
if (smokeA.Average() >= 0.75 && si == 60)
{
if (DateTime.Now.Hour > 12)
{
treNotify.Nodes[0].Nodes.Add("smoke sensor detect high level gas at " +
DateTime.Now.Day + "/" + DateTime.Now.Month + " " + (DateTime.Now.Hour -
12).ToString() + ":" + DateTime.Now.Minute);
fileN.WriteLine("smoke sensor detect high level gas at " + DateTime.Now.Day + "/" +
DateTime.Now.Month + " " + (DateTime.Now.Hour - 12).ToString() + ":" +
DateTime.Now);
fileN.WriteLine("----------------------------------------------------------------------------");
}
else
{
treNotify.Nodes[0].Nodes.Add("smoke sensor detect high level gas at " +
89. 85
Receive , handle and monitoring data
if (Arduino.IsOpen)
{
#region reciving data from arduino and split it into 6 readings from sensors
try
{
indata = Arduino.ReadTo("t");
}
catch (Exception)
{
return;
}
string[] words = indata.Split(spliter, 6);
#endregion
#region handlig data recieved
if (words.Length == 6 && indata.Contains('$'))
{
if (words[0] == "0" && words[1] == "0" && words[2] == "0")
{
//don't collect data
