2. Pre-existing conditions associated with increased
operative risk or difficulties
DeformitiesI.
scoliosis,•
spondylolysis•
spondylisthesis•
InfectionsI.
Tumors
Osteoporosis
Pre existing instabilities
II.
III.
IV.
V. Previous
discectomy
laminectomy
lumbar fusion
•
•
•
• operated spinal deformity
Inadequate investigationI.
Adult degenerative scoliosisClinical
Radiological
•
• & stenosis – neurologic deficit
3. Pre-operative medical conditions and
risk factors are reported to be:
Diabetes
Malignancy
Tobacco use
Obesity
Cardiovascular
problems
Age ≥ 70 yrs
Cont-ed
4. Pre-operative medical conditions and
risk factors are reported to be:
Steroid use
Immunosuppression
Myelodysplasia
Post - radiation
Weinstein MA et al J. Spin. Disord. 2000
O.K.U. A.A.O.S. Spine 2 2002
5. Pre- and intra-operative risk
factors are reported to be:
Length of pre-operative hospitalization
Revision surgery
Duration of surgery
Number of fused segments
Bone graft or methylmethacrylate
Blood loss and transfusion
Weinstein MA et al J. Spin. Disord. 2000
O.K.U. A.A.O.S. Spine 2 2002
10. Intra-Post-operative risk
factors are reported to be:
The use of instrumentation
The type of implants
Steel
Titanium
Cross links
Weinstein MA et al J. Spin. Disord. 2000
O.K.U. A.A.O.S. Spine 2 2002
20. Late post-operative causes of complications
(b. > 3mts)
Implants failure
Destabilization
at
at
at
the
the
the
level(s) of the operation
level above
level below
-//-
-//-
Pseudarthrosis
Recurrence of stenosis
Late infection
25. Failure of Adjacent
Vertebral Segments
Failure of the cranial
adjacent segment can
occur
acutely as a result of
vertebral body fracture
or
as a long term
complication
caused by degeneration
of the adjacent motion
segment.
26. Tissue reactions
to
Spinal implants
Factors of corrosion
1) Combination of different metallic materials
2)
3)
Surfaces’ composition and irregularity
Micro-movements between the parts
spinal instrumentation
of the
4) Ions of Cl-
from the plasma and
intercellular area
pH5)
6) Different concentration of O2 ions
in free and covered metallic areas
28. Galvanic corrosion
different metals
Accelerated decay due to neighboring of dissimilar metallic
implants in a corrosive
electrolitic invironment
Electrochemical dissimilarity
It is possible to take place
even between the same type
of materials in different end-plate
surfaces
It is common in articulated spinal implants
30. Ionic debris
is additive
to the influences
of particulate debris
and
can have a significant impact on
local cytotoxicity.
31. In vitro studies have
shown that these metal
particles can be
phagocytized
intracellularly
leading
to release of
inflammatory cytokines
Betts F. et al, Clin Orth., 1992
Lee JM et al, J.B.J.S. 1992
32. This inflammatory
cascade may lead in
turn to:
resoption of bone
and
cellular death
Hallab NJ, Cunnigham B et al, Spine 2003
33. The potential
for bone resorption
is particularly distressing
in spinal surgery because
much of the operation’s
success depends on
obtaining
a spinal fusion.
34. The toxic effects
of these metal particles
also are of great concern
because
the neural elements are
widely exposed during
spinal decompressions.
35. Although instrumentation is
typically left in place in the
early post-operative period,
all other foreign bodies such
as :
Bone wax
Absorbable gelatin sponge
Must be removed
50. Treatment of
post – operative infection
Early and decisive treatment
should be initiated on diagnosis
As medical management is
likely to fail, aggressive surgical
intervention typically is
suggested for post-operative
infections
O.K.U. A.A.O.S. Spine 2 2002
51. Hardware removal
is appropriate:
if the instrumentation has
failed
in refractory infections
in cases of late
hematogenous infection
occurring after a fusion has
healed