Enzymes use several types of catalytic Mechanisms-which of the following is a characteristic of covalent catalysis? Choose all that apply. I. catalysis may employ amino acids such as D, E, or K for protonation or proton abstraction. II. a proton is transferred between enzyme and substrate III. there may be a two part catalytic process to form the bond and then to break it as in the mechanisms for the proteolytic enzymes IV. the enzyme covalently bonds to the substrate or transition state V. acts to lower the energy or stabilize the transition state VI. Proper orientation of a substrate in the active site might be facilitated by a Fe-S cofactor such as seen in the aconitase reaction. VII. the enzyme may use a nucleophilic functional group to attack the substrate VIII. catalysis may participate in oxidation-reduction reactions through changes in the oxidation state.

1. Enzymes use several types of catalytic Mechanisms-which of the following is a characteristic of
covalent catalysis? Choose all that apply.
I. catalysis may employ amino acids such as D, E, or K for protonation or proton abstraction.
II. a proton is transferred between enzyme and substrate III. there may be a two part catalytic
process to form the bond and then to break it as in the mechanisms for the proteolytic enzymes
IV. the enzyme covalently bonds to the substrate or transition state
V. acts to lower the energy or stabilize the transition state
VI. Proper orientation of a substrate in the active site might be facilitated by a Fe-S cofactor such
as seen in the aconitase reaction.
VII. the enzyme may use a nucleophilic functional group to attack the substrate
VIII. catalysis may participate in oxidation-reduction reactions through changes in the oxidation
state