1. i
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Master’s Program in Agro-Meteorology & Natural Risk Manageme
By:- Abdulaziz sani Ahmed
Project Proposal on Promotion of Modern of Honey bee Hive
in Fedis District Nagaya Umar kule East Hararge
BY:ABDULAZIZ SANI
JAN 2022
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List of Abbreviations
PASDEPPlan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty.
MOARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
CSA central statistics agency
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Contents
List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... ii
List of table.....................................................................................................................................iv
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Project..............................................................................................................1
1.2. Need Assessment .....................................................................................................................2
1.2 Statement of the Problem...........................................................................................................2
1.4. Objectives of the Project...........................................................................................................3
1.4.1 Production Objective of the Study........................................................................................3
1.4.2 Learning objectives .............................................................................................................3
1.5 Significance of the Study...........................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope and limitation of the Study...............................................................................................3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................4
2.1 Honey Production Systems in Ethiopia .......................................................................................4
2.1.1. Honey hunting ...................................................................................................................4
2.1.2. Traditional beekeeping. ..........................................................................................................5
2.2 Economic Importance of Beekeeping in Ethiopia.........................................................................5
2.3. Honey production.....................................................................................................................5
2.4. Honey marketing and promotion System....................................................................................6
2.5. Major constraints of Promotion of honey production...................................................................6
2.6. Crop pollination .......................................................................................................................7
3. MATERIALS AND METHOD...............................................................................................................8
3.1 Description of the study area....................................................................................................8
3.2 Sampling techniques and sample size..........................................................................................9
3.3 Data collection method ..............................................................................................................9
3.4 Data analysis.............................................................................................................................9
3.5 Expected output.........................................................................................................................9
4. Work Plan....................................................................................................................................10
5. Budget (Logistics) requirement......................................................................................................10
5.2 Personal cost...........................................................................................................................11
5.3. Budget summary ....................................................................................................................12
6. References....................................................................................................................................12
4. iv
List of table
Table 1. Activity of the schedule ...................................................................................... 11
Table 2. Stationary cost.................................................................................................... 12
Table 3. Personal cost categories ..................................................................................... 13
Table 4. Budget summary................................................................................................ 13
5. 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
Even though the national honey production satisfies the local demand, it is so crude that it could
not compete in the international market. Though Ethiopia has diverse and unique flowering
plants suitable for beekeeping, the bees and the plants like all renewable natural resources are
constantly under threat from lack of knowledge and appreciation of these endowments. The
beekeeping sub-sector has been an integral part of agriculture in Ethiopia. It has been
contributing to household income and national economy through export, and also acts as poverty
alleviation. From these total hives, the greater part (96.23%) is reported to be traditional which is
poor in quality and low in quantity of hive products. The country has huge apicultural resources
that made it the leading honey and beeswax producer in Africa (Fikru, 2015). According to
central statistics agency of Ethiopia (CSA, 2015a), a total of about 5.89 million hives were
estimated to be found in the rural sedentary areas of the country. Beekeeping provides different
role in Ethiopia in general and in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region,
Ethiopia in particular. Since honey and hive products are important source of food and income, it
creates job opportunity and keeps the environment in balance through pollination. Nevertheless
of the huge potential of beekeeping and honey bee flora, beekeeping has not been fully exploited
and promoted in the district. Although bee keeping practices are widely undertaken and have
great economic value particularly in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region,
Ethiopia , its potential and constraints is not well identified and researched out so far. There are
no documents in regard on promotion of honey production in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe
Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. As a result, this study was aimed to assess the general points
concerning the promotion of honey production in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe Zone, and
Oromia Region, Ethiopia.
Therefore, the main focuses of this study will be Promote of modern bee hive in Fedis District
Nagaya Umar kulle Kebele East Hararge
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1.2. Need Assessment
The products obtained from this sub sector are still low as compared to the potential of the
country. Although thousands of tones honey is produced every year, it is usually poorly managed
and unattractive in appearance. Because of this its place in the local market is being taken by
imported honey. Traditional hive honey is of good quality as long as it is in the hive, faulty
handling, from the time of its harvest until it reaches to market is responsible for its inferior
quality. The type of hives used the methods of removing and storage of honey play a vital role in
the quality of honey (Crane 1970, as cited by Edessa Negera, 2005). Production system study is
important to identify problems and come up with research proposals relevant to the problems and
to formulate appropriate development plan. Hence, the promotion of honey production system,
identifying and prioritizing the available constraints and suggesting possible interventions areas,
are the first steps towards any development planning in any fields and also in the apiculture sub-
sector. The numbers of beekeepers, bee colonies, and amount of honey produced, type of
beekeeping practiced, and constraints were not known. Therefore, this study was conducted to
collect information on promotion of honey production, productivity, marketing, bee flora and
constraints of beekeeping in Fedis district. Thus, it is timely and relevant to assess and document
important information on the Assessment on promotion of modern honey bee hives production
which has not been yet carried out before in Fedis district.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
Honey production by its nature doesn’t need huge investment (financial asset), large size of land
and complicated technical knowledge. Further, the outcomes of beekeeping (income, material
goods, wellbeing and satisfaction) are real (Nicola, 2009). Beekeeping strengths and supports the
rural community livelihoods to become less vulnerable to different shocks and avert risks.
However, the individual poor beekeeping farmers in particular and the country in general still
could not harvest honey to the required amount which in turn income from this sector to the
producer, trader and the country is generally low in honey. From of the total honey production in
Ethiopia, about 41.22% was used for household consumption, about 54.68% for Sale, about
0.34% used as payment for wage in kind and the rest (3.75%) used for other Purposes (CSA,
2015). Haftu Kebede et al.(2015) reported that even if, the government of Ethiopia has given due
attention to apiculture development as a means of poverty reduction and national exports
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diversification strategies research couldn’t address all possible aspects and areas to describe and
document of promotion of honey production associated constraints for proper intervention and
utilization (Chala Kinati et al.,2013).
Furthermore, beekeepers in the study area and all areas of the country in general are considered
to be rich in indigenous knowledge. In general, believe that there are different honey production
ting challenges which couldn’t enable the beekeepers to maximize beekeeping outputs. This
work, we believe, thereforehas tried to magnify and suggest possible solutions against promotion
of honey production and marketing constraints and identified some major challenges that are
obstacles to product maximization in the study specially the problem of capacity building to
promote of honey production and Pesticides and herbicides application, Shortage of bee
forage, Honey bee pest’s disease and predators and Drought (lack of rainfall) are the major
problem of promote of modern honeybee hives production in fedis district.
1.4. Objectives of the Project
1.4.1 Production Objective of the Study
The overall objective of the study was to Enhancing the honey production from 10 kg to 50 kg per
Beekeepers, in Fedis woreda.
1.4.2 Learning objectives
To increase the modern honey bee hives in different types of beehives
To promote modern of honey bee hives production in the study area
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of the study is to improve our understanding of Promotion of honey production,
useful to develop appropriate beekeeping development strategy plan and indicate future research
areas for those who would like to conduct researches on beekeeping. Moreover, the data may be
used as secondary data for researchers and any interested parties working in the study area...
Furthermore, it will enable the researcher for the partial fulfillment of an award of Bachelor of
Science degree in rural development and Agricultural extension.
1.6 Scope and limitation of the Study
The study focuses to enhance of honey production in the study area of the area and the subject to
be study. The spatial, geographical, coverage of the study will be limited to Fedis woreda. The
study will focus mainly on identifying the to assess the promotion of honey production in
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Fedis woreda. Therefore, this study was conducted to collect information on promotion of honey
production, productivity, marketing, bee flora and constraints of beekeeping in Fedis district. The
arrangements and ideas will be illustrating in the research base on the data gathering by
questionnaires and interviews prepared and other written documents related to the study.
The researcher will be facing some problems while conducting this research. The limitations will
be the following: Unwillingness and absence of transparency of the workers and office leaders to
give the necessary information to the study and shortage of related literature on the issues.
Shortage of written documents and books concerning Promotion of honey production are the
major limitation.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Honey Production Systems in Ethiopia
Ethiopia has enormous untapped potential for the development of beekeeping. The prevailing
production constraints in the beekeeping sub sector of the country depending on the agro ecology
of the area where the activities are carried out (Edessa, 2005).
Honey hunting and beekeeping have been practiced in the country for the exploitation of honey.
As reported by, Tessega Belie (2009) in places where wild colonies of bees living in hollow trees
and caves are found, honey hunting is still a common practice in Ethiopia. In addition, Ayalew
Kassaye (2008) reported that currently in Ethiopia, beekeeping is practiced in three types of
production systems namely; traditional, transitional and frame beehive beekeeping.).
2.1.1. Honey hunting
The earliest honey hunting evidence comes from rock paintings, equipment used and
anthropological studies obtained first in Spain, which is dated back to 30,000-10,000 B.C. This
practice (honey hunting), as a beekeeping system, is also widely practiced by some tribes of the
south and southwest Ethiopia.
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2.1.2. Traditional beekeeping.
Traditional beekeeping is the oldest and the richest practice, which has been carried out by the
people for thousands of years in Ethiopia. This beekeeping practice is extensive and closely tied
to swarm management: beehives are hung up in trees to catch swarms and are then transferred
and placed in the backyards with some kinds of hive sheds that protects them from the hot
temperature and rain.
2.2 Economic Importance of Beekeeping in Ethiopia.
Beekeeping has been and still plays a significant role in the national economy of the country as
well as for the subsistence smallholder farmers. In addition the contribution of bees and hive
products, though difficult to assess, is probably one of the most important small-scale income
generating activities for hundred thousands of farmer beekeepers. In this case, we consider that
beekeeping has many advantages that help farmer beekeepers to improve their wellbeing.
Even if, it has been scarce information to generalize the economic benefits of beekeeping in
Ethiopia due to not uniform data presentations from different bodies and lack of concrete
knowledge to estimate properly GideyYirga and Mekonen Teferi (2010) it has been believed and
understood that beekeeping has a great role in supporting beekeepers’ life and allows lots of
business people to establish their life. Major Challenges and Opportunities in Beekeeping
2.3. Honey production
Honey, the natural product of honeybees, has many times been described as man’s ever sweetest
food. Consequently, as honey contains simple sugars that are ready for assimilation upon
reaching intestine, it is an excellent energy source. Furthermore, as reported by, HBRC (1997) it
contains more than 180 elements and it has several uses. In other ways, of the total honey
production in Ethiopia, about 41.22% was used for household consumption, about 54.68% for
Sale, about 0.34% used as payment for wage in kind and the rest (3.75%) used for other Purposes
(CSA, 2015). Despite, Ethiopia has substantial potential for beekeeping development and the
MoARD has apiculture as one of the priority commodities targeting the local and export markets
(Johannes Agonafir, 2005This makes Ethiopia leading in Africa and ninth in the world in honey
production.
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2.4. Honey marketing and promotion System
Beekeepers, honey and beeswax collectors, retailers, ten brewers, processors and exporters are
identified to be the key actors in the value chain and/or marketing system of the honey sub-
sector. Three principal channels (the tej brewery, honey processing and exporting and beeswax)
were identified in the value chain. These channels are complex and found to be interconnected
which is explaining the absence of organized marketing channels/systems and lack of formal
linkages among the actors in Ethiopia.
Honey processors’ and exporters’ channels, among the value chain actors, starts from beekeepers
and goes through the local agents and/or honey marketing cooperatives, which supply the honey
directly to the processing plants after semi processing or as it is. Then after, processing plants
will further refine the honey, pack into labeled containers to deliver for local markets (super
markets, food groceries and big hotels) and very often to export markets (Beyene Tadesse and
David, 2007). In this process, according to Nuru Adgaba (1999) as beekeepers are producing low
quality products because of their handling and management, they are forced to sell locally to
retailers and wholesale buyers at low prices. With this and inappropriate price settings by local
traders and collectors, local beekeepers are believed to loose significant amount of income in
which the marketing system still remains unstable. Furthermore, it is not a secret to observe,
because of poor handling and inappropriate resource management; beekeepers by themselves are
demanding large quantity of beeswax. This is one way or the other, a result of poor marketing
system in collaboration with in sufficient extension services.
2.5. Major constraints of Promotion of honey production.
Ethiopia has enormous and untapped potential for promoting beekeeping; both for local use and
for export purposes. Even if, the prevailing production constraints in the beekeeping sub sector
vary depending on agro ecology, socio-economic conditions, cultural practices, climate (seasons
of the year) and behavior of the bees Edessa Negera ( 2002) like any other livestock sector,
beekeeping has been ceased by complicated constraints such as low quality products, lack of
market information, absence of organized market channel, transportation problem, lack of
government support in promoting market development, low involvement of private sectors, low
and discouraging price settings in local markets, lack of appropriate technologies for collecting,
processing, packing and storage (Gezahegne Tadesse, 2001). On the other hand, as an
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opportunity to develop the beekeeping, facilitate market development and market oriented
agricultural growth, some important policy, proclamations and strategic instruments (like
Agriculture and Rural Development policy, honeybee resource use and protection proclamation,
pesticides and agrochemicals use proclamation, Agriculture lead Industrial Development
strategy, National Input and Output Marketing strategy, Development Corridor and Plan for
Accelerated and Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty or PASDEP,etc) have been put
in place (Bezabih Emana, 2010)
For instance, as it has been indicated in the second growth and transformation plan GTP II
(2015/16 -2019/20) the average honey yield per harvest from frame hives is also planned to
increase yield from 20 kg in 2014/15 to 30 kg by 2019/20. In the same way, the total production
of honey is projected to increase from 60.7 thousand tons in 2014/15 to 123.9 thousand and total
production of wax is projected to increase from 5.7 thousand tons in 2014/15 to 8.6 thousand
tons by the end of the plan period. Therefore, these policies, proclamations and strategies are
targeted to promote productivity through resource protection, encourage market oriented
production and marketing of agricultural products according to their niches and support the
struggle towards poverty alleviation. Furthermore, existence and abundance of honeybee,
availability of potential flowering plants, and ample sources of water for bees except in drought
prone area, traditional knowledge of beekeepers' experience and practices and socio-economic
value of honey are also serving as an opportunity for the development of beekeeping in the
country. Thus it has been believed that all the constraints and opportunities may not be equally
valued and understood among the beekeepers and value chain actors in different parts of the
country due to various reasons. Therefore, continuous assessment and characterization of
different localities and beekeepers shall be considered as a major task that concerned bodies
should practice.
2.6. Crop pollination
Agriculture is the main sector providing income, employment and food for about 85% of the
population in Ethiopia residing in the rural areas of the country. Economic development of the
nation, therefore, depends on the prosperity and economic growth of the rural areas, which
depends directly or indirectly on crop productivity through tremendously neglected pollination
services from insects including honeybees. In addition, most of the cultivated crops are cross-
12. 8
pollinated, which are mostly visited by the honeybees for the collection of pollen, nectar or both
where on the way provide their most valuable pollination services. However, pollination service
provided by the honeybees is considered as a fortune by-product as pollinators of over 100
cultivated crops. In this regard, honey production, which is always so closely associated with
honeybees in the eyes of laymen, pastels into insignificant when compared to the value of the
pollination services provided by this insect. So, it is interesting sometimes to note the value of
honeybees as pollinators from the figures for the value of honeybees to the agricultural economy.
To take an example, in 1987, only in the United States of America, honeybee's pollination Value
was estimated to be about US$ 9.3 billion. This would be important to understand how
pollination services of honeybees are supporting lives of millions of people in Ethiopia as well.
3. MATERIALS ANDMETHOD
3.1 Description of the study area
The study willbe conducted in Fedis District of Eastern Hararghe Administrative zone, Eastern
part of Oromia Regional State. Fedis woreda is bordering Babbile woreda in the East, Haremaya,
Kurfa Calle Gurowa woredas in the west, Midega Tola in the South and Harare region in the
North. The capital city of the woreda is located at 539 km south of Addis Ababa and 24km to the
West of Harar town, which is the capital city of East Hararghe zone. The total population is
estimated to be 133,382 persons, of which the estimated urban population is 26,575 and
estimated rural population is 127,877. Oromo are predominant by almost 100%. The woreda
contains 19 rural kebeles and the altitude ranges from 1,050 to 2,118 meters above sea level. The
livelihood of the population is 93.8% agro-pastoralist and the remaining 6.2% are urban
dwellers.
The cereal crops most commonly grown are Sorghum, Maize, Wheat, Barley and Groundnuts.
Khat and Vegetables are the known cash crops. Cattle goat , sheep, camel and beekeeping are
among the livestock species reared by the community. The woreda is both Meher and Belg
dependent. Both rainy seasons are the ones which are very crucial in determining the production,
water and pasture availability. Normally, Belg rains go from April to June and Meher rains go
from May to August. The total area of land in the woreda is 110,502 hectares out of which
23,230 hectare are cultivated. The average land holding per household is reported to be 1.2
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hectare/household. Soil degradation, erratic rainfall and farmland fragmentation contribute to
lowered productivity in the area.
3.2 Sampling techniques and sample size
The district has a total of 19 Kebeles (the smallest administrative unit) from which 7 and 12 are;
midland (“Woinadega”) and lowland (“Kola”) respectively. For the purpose of this study the
researcher will select sample only from from midland (Nagaya umar kulee) and lowland Qeransa
lenca). Then 20 respondent were selected from each Kebeles purposively based on the
experience and potentials of beekeeping activities. Thus, the total household selected for the
study will be5 (2 kebeles x 5 respondents).
3.3 Data collection method
The methodology that will uses by researchers are qualitative and quantitative method of data.
As mentioned above, there will be two sources of data i.e. primary and secondary sources. The
primary source will more relevant than the secondary source in that it gives relatively more
reliable data than secondary data. To collect the required information, the researcher will be
using semi structured and pretested questionnaires. In addition to this personal observation,
discussion with key informants and focus group discussion will uses by the researcher. The
secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished documents
3.4 Data analysis
All the data collected throughout the survey period will be analyzed by using both the
qualitative and quantitative techniques. The collected data of both quantitative and qualitative
were analyzed and summarized by using descriptive statistics such as mean frequency and
percentage, and the results were organized by tables and graphs
3.5 Expected output.
At the end of this Research we have to differentiate the potential of the Fedis woreda, constraint,
challenges & current status of modern of honey bee hives production and to generate full
information to improve production and productivity of beekeeping.
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In order to undertaken the research, the researcher will be used different bee honey material.
Among of the major Honey extractor, 1. Hives, Queen Catcher, Gloves, Shoes, Essential Oils &
Sugar, Queen Excluder and Bees are the major material need to used on this research by the
researcher. The advantage of using this material is to asses the quality and quantity of modern
honey bee hives production and as a general to promote the honey production is the major one.
4. Work Plan
Table 1. Activity of the schedule
Title selection Months year 2022
jan Feb
Literature review
Selection of the study area
Questionnaire preparation
Information gathering
Proposal write submition
Data collection
Data analysis
Final report proposal
5. Budget (Logistics) requirement
5.1 Stationary cost
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No Item Unit Quantity Unit
perprice
Total price Total
Packed
paper
No 3 200 600 600
pen No 5 50 50 50
Binding
and cost for
proposal
using
No of
pages
15 150 600 600
Binding
and write
proposal
No page 40 150 600 600
Total 1250 1250
Source: From group members
5.2 Personal cost
Table3. Personal cost categories
N o A c t i v i t i e s Description unit (quantity) No of days
Price/ unit
(birr)
Total cost
1 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t K e b e l e 1 0 5 0 5 0 0
2 Data gathering or sampling of data collection N o of Days 1 5 2 0 0 3 0 0 0
3 I m p l e m e n t i n g f i e l d t e s t N o of Days 2 1 2 0 0 4 0 0 0
T o t a l 7 5 0 0
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5.3. Budget summary
Table 4 Budget summary
N o I t e m S u b – t o t a l
1 S t a t i o n e r y c o s t 1 2 5 0
2 P e r s o n a l c o s t 7 5 0 0
T o t a l 8 7 5 0
3 Continge nc y (15%) 1 3 1 2 . 5
G r a n d t o t a l 1 0 0 6 2 . 5
6. References
Atsbaha Haile Mariam, Taye Tolemariam and Kebede Debele, 2015.Assessmenproduction
system, constraints and opportunities in three selected Woredas of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Beyene Tadesse and David Phillips. 2007. Ensuring small scale producers in Ethiopia to achieve
sustainable and fair access to honey markets. Paper prepared for International Development
Enterprises (IDE) and Ethiopian Society for Appropriate Technology (ESAT). Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, pp. 1-64
`Bezabih Emana.2010. Market assessment and value chain analysis in Beneshangual Gumu zee,
Ethiopia
Chala Kinati, Taye Tolemariam, Kebede Debele (2013).Production and marketing system in
Goma District, South Western Ethiopia, G. J. Bus. Mana.Stu. 3(3):99-107.
CSA. 2015. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics, Agricultural Sample Survey, VolumeII
Firisa Woyessa and Dejene Alemu.2016. Assessment of Honey Bee Production System in Horro
District of Horro Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromiya Regional State
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GideyYirga and Teferi Mekonen 2010.Participatory technology and constraints assessment to
improve the livelihood of beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona
Ethiopian Journal of Science,
Haftu Kebede and Gezu Tadesse. 2014. Survey on honey production system, challenges and
Opportunities in selected areas of Hadya Zone, Ethiopi
