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中国商法英译本
用词失误初探
——以基于语料库的方法
语料库与翻译研究
 Translation studies has reached a stage in its
development as a discipline when it is both
ready for and needs the techniques and
methodology of corpus linguistics in order to
make a major leap from prescriptive to
descriptive statement, from methodologising to
proper theorizing, and from individual and
fragmented pieces of research to powerful
generalization. (Baker,1993:248)
建库
 中国商法文本C-E平行
语料库&中美商法文本
比较语料库
 英文384000余词,中
文125520字
 服务于特定研究目的
的小型专门语料库
中国商法 美国商法
公司法 Model Business
Corporation Act
Uniform Limited
Liability Company
Act
Uniform Limited
Partnership Act
Uniform Partnership
Act
合同法
票据法
海商法
Uniform
Commercial Code
证券法 Uniform Securities
Act
化用keyword list
 一般做法:选用大型的通用语料库作参照
语料库,凸显特色词
 本文:将美国主要商法(非翻译文本)作
为参照语料库,生成一份中国主要商法
(翻译文本)对其的主题词列表
 Translated against non-translated
 主题词列表(468词)
初步解读
 主题性高,表明该词在译本中使用过频或
者过少,不够贴近原文
 排除两类:专有名词和偏好词
 主题性高的非名词,误用的嫌疑很大
 shall/must, thereof, where, according
情态动词误用
 中国商法英译
本共2597句
 情态动词2863
个
 shall2138个
情态动词 CL词频 AL词频
May 6.3531 5.8510
Shall 22.983 2.2340
Must 0.1182 1.6128
Ought to 0.1719 0.0068
Shall Should May Might Can Could Will Would ought to Must
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
per1000
Modal Verbs
CL
AL
Ought to的问题:个别翻译习惯
Shall vs. must
应当 必须 应 不得(加
no或者not
表否定)
(其他
情况)
Shall 958 105 12 156 207
Must 1 10 0 0 0
Shall病毒:(必须)有权
 检验:代换shall为have to或者must
 常见病例:shall + have/enjoy the right;
shall + be entitled to
 E.g. 合同法第54条:
 A party shall have the right to request the
people's court or an arbitration institution
to modify or revoke the following contracts
多余的207
 法律 、行政法规另有规定的,从其规定。
 However, if it is otherwise provided for by
any law or administrative regulation, such
law or administrative regulation shall
prevail.
古体词使用过度
 Here-,There-,Where-为前缀,30个
 有18个(60%)还在一方或者两方文本中
有所使用
 绝对词频低,2-digit:CL5个,AL3个
 标准化频数低,max千词0.65
 古体词在种类和数量上呈现式微趋势
Hereby
Herein
Hereinafter
Hereof
Hereunder
Thereafter
Thereby
Therefor
Therefore
Therein
Thereon
Thereto
Theretofore
Thereunder
Therewith
Whereas
Whereby
Thenceforth
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
XAxisTitle
CL
AL
 Baker:a tendency to exaggerate features
of target language
 古体词固然是法律英语的特点之一,但是
也不应该夸大其“词”
 古体词可以用简明的短语代替:hereinafter
可被替换为in what follows,hereby可作as
a result
Where与“的”字结构
 “的”字结构多用where引导的状语从句翻
译
 “的”字结构的广泛存在(1097例)直接
推高了where一词的使用频率和在主题性上
的位置
 二者并无牢不可破的固定对应关系:“的”
字结构有558例译成where,其余539例译
成其他结构
“的”字结构的多种译法
 When, in the case of, whoever, anyone
who, if it is
 情节严重的:under any serious
circumstances
 有下列情形之一的:under any of the
following circumstances
According牵出冗词
 正主题性第14,228个用例均为according
to标准搭配,主译“依照”、“按照”
 原因1:美国商法用pursuant to表达
 原因2:according to law为“依法”一词的
标准翻译,93例,占according总数的40%
作为冗词的“依法”
 依法行事是任何公民和组织的义务,冗词
“依法”没有什么实际意义,不必悉数译
出
 156例,49例省译,93例译为according to
law
 全部省译,可减少according四成使用
小结
 大量替换shall为must,且不得用shall授予
权力;
 减少古体词,换用简明的短语;
 减少where的使用,“的”字结构翻译多元
化;
 省译冗词“依法”(according to law)
Keyword list方法评议
 正:有效便捷地找出译本中可能误用的词
汇,有助于进行大规模文本的批量分析
 反:噪音太多,除了专有词和偏好词,还
有大量暂时无法解释的主题性畸高词;
 绝对词频小的误用词反映不明显,如
formulate,etc.,initiator
Two CATs
 Computer-aided
translation &
computer-assessed
translation
 计算机语料库在译本
评估上发挥更大作用
参考文献
 李克兴、张新红. 法律文本与法律翻译[M]. 北京:中国对外翻译公司,
2006
 陈忠诚.《法窗译话》,北京:中国对外翻译公司,1992
 王立非、梁茂成, 计算机辅助第二语言研究方法与应用,北京:外语
教学与研究出版社,2006
 金朝武,论汉英法律翻译中的形式对等问题, 中国翻译 2009(2), 62-67
 林克难、籍明文. 法律文书中“的”字结构翻译研究[J]. 上海科技翻译,
2002(3). 收入李德凤、胡牧、李丽. 法律文本翻译[C]. 北京:中央
编译出版社,2007,385-387.
 Baker, M. (1993). Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies:
Implications and Applications. In M. Baker & G. Francis & E. Tognini-
Bonelli (Eds.), Text and Technology: in Honour of John Sinclair (pp.
231-248). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

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translation misuse @SHJD (Chinese)