2. 1. Definition of Intralingual1. Definition of Intralingual
ErrorsErrors
Intralingual errors are thoseIntralingual errors are those
errors that occur due to the faultyerrors that occur due to the faulty
or partial learning of the TL suchor partial learning of the TL such
as over-generalization and over-as over-generalization and over-
simplification.simplification.
2
3. 3
2.2. Sources of The Present StudySources of The Present Study
English errors produced byEnglish errors produced by
speakers of Japanese, Chinese,speakers of Japanese, Chinese,
Burmese, French, Czech, Polish,Burmese, French, Czech, Polish,
Tagalog, Maori, Maltese, and theTagalog, Maori, Maltese, and the
major Indian and West Africanmajor Indian and West African
languageslanguages..
4. 4
3.3. Types and Causes ofTypes and Causes of
Intralingual and DevelopmentalIntralingual and Developmental
ErrorsErrors
Intralingual errors are those whichIntralingual errors are those which
reflect the general characteristics of rulereflect the general characteristics of rule
learning, such as faulty generalization,learning, such as faulty generalization,
incomplete application of rules, andincomplete application of rules, and
failure to learn conditions under whichfailure to learn conditions under which
rules apply.rules apply.
5. 5
Developmental errors illustrate the learnerDevelopmental errors illustrate the learner
attempting to build up hypotheses aboutattempting to build up hypotheses about
the English language from his limitedthe English language from his limited
experience of it in the classroom or text-experience of it in the classroom or text-
book.book.
There are:There are:
1. Over-generalization;1. Over-generalization;
2. Ignorance of rule restrictions;2. Ignorance of rule restrictions;
3. Incomplete application of rules;3. Incomplete application of rules;
4. False concepts hypothesized.4. False concepts hypothesized.
6. 6
1. Over-generalization1. Over-generalization
Over-generalization covers instances whereOver-generalization covers instances where
the learner creates a deviant structure on thethe learner creates a deviant structure on the
basis of his experience of other structures inbasis of his experience of other structures in
the target language.the target language.
Teacher:Teacher: He walks quickly.He walks quickly.
Instruction:Instruction: Change to continuous form;Change to continuous form;
Student:Student: He is walks quickly.He is walks quickly.
7. 2.2. Ignorance of Rule RestrictionsIgnorance of Rule Restrictions
Closely related to the generalization ofClosely related to the generalization of
deviant structures, is failure to observe thedeviant structures, is failure to observe the
restrictions of existing structures, that is, therestrictions of existing structures, that is, the
application of rules to contexts where theyapplication of rules to contexts where they
do not apply.do not apply.
Examples:Examples:
That is the man who I saw him, instead ofThat is the man who I saw him, instead of
“That’s the man who I saw”“That’s the man who I saw”
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8. 3. Incomplete Application of Rules3. Incomplete Application of Rules
Under this category we may note theUnder this category we may note the
occurrence of structures whose deviancyoccurrence of structures whose deviancy
represents the degree of development of therepresents the degree of development of the
rules required to produce acceptablerules required to produce acceptable
utterances. The example in the questionutterances. The example in the question
form:form:
Teacher’s Question: Student Response:
Do you read much? Yes, I read much. (Incorrect)
Yes, I do. (Correct)
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9. 4. False Concepts Hypothesized4. False Concepts Hypothesized
There is a class of developmental errors whichThere is a class of developmental errors which
derive from faulty comprehension ofderive from faulty comprehension of
distinctions in the target language.distinctions in the target language.
For example in the past form:For example in the past form:
When I first saw him, he was too youngWhen I first saw him, he was too young
Instead of “When I first saw him, he wasInstead of “When I first saw him, he was
young.”young.”
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10. 10
A sample of such errors is shown inA sample of such errors is shown in
Tables I-IVTables I-IV
1. Error in the Production of Verb Group:1. Error in the Production of Verb Group:
-be + verb stem for verb stembe + verb stem for verb stem
““He is speak French.” Instead of “He speaks French”He is speak French.” Instead of “He speaks French”
2. Error in the Distribution of Verb Group:2. Error in the Distribution of Verb Group:
-be + verb + ing for be + verb stembe + verb + ing for be + verb stem
““The country was discovering by Columbus.”The country was discovering by Columbus.”
Instead of “The country was discovered byInstead of “The country was discovered by
Colombus”Colombus”
11. 11
3. Miscellaneous Errors3. Miscellaneous Errors
- Wrong Verb form in adverb- Wrong Verb form in adverb
clause of timeclause of time
““I am very tired that I cannotI am very tired that I cannot
got”got”
4. Errors in the Use Prepositions4. Errors in the Use Prepositions
-With Instead of:With Instead of:
-Met with her.Met with her.
