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TOPIC:
WATER RESOURCES,
ITS DISTRIBUTION
AND CURRENT
SITUATION IN
PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION
 Water covers 71% of the Earth surface.
 It is essential for all forms of life.
 It plays a vital role in county’s economy.
 Agriculture is the major user of water.
 Timely and adequate availability of water is required
for the sustainability of Agriculture.
 Hydropower is the cheapest way of generating
electicity.
WATER RESOURCES
 “Sources from which water is available for the water supply
schemes or irrigation is called as water resources.”
 The most common resources of water are:
 Surface Water
- River flows
- Rainfall
 Groundwater
-Useable Groundwater Aquifers
- Useable Layers Overlying Saline Water
SURFACE WATER RESOURCES
 Water in river,lake or fresh water wetland.
 Naturally replenished by precipitation, lost through discharge to the
oceans,evaporation,and subsurface seepage.
 Total quantity of water in the system may depends on
 Storage capacity
 Permability
 Runoff
 Precipitation and evaporation rate
 Human activities
RIVER FLOWS
Surface water resources of Pakistan mainly based on :
 Flows of indus river and its tributaries (Jhelum,Ravi,Beas,Chenab and Sutlej)
 Total length of indus river is 2900 Km.
 It brings 148.8 MAF of water annually.
 Average annual flows in 3 major river basins of Pakistan is :
RIVER BASIN AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW
MAF(Million Acre Feet)
Indus Basin 145.0
Mekran Coastal Basin 3.0
Kharan Closed Desert Basin 0.8
RAINFALL
 70% of annual rainfall occurs in months of June to September.
 Mean Annual rainfall ranges between :
 125mm in Balochistan to 750mm in Northwest.
 Winter rains are generally widespread.
 The present contribution of rain to crops in irrigated areas is about 6 MAF.
GLACIERS
 They are made up of fallen snow that compresses into large ,thickened ice
masses.
 The glacier area of Pakistan is about 13,680 sq km.
 Important glaciers are
o Siachin (75 km)
o Baltoro (62 km)
o Baifo (67 km)
o Hispar (49 km)
o Batura (57 km)
o Rimo (45 km)
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
 Most of groundwater resources of Pakistan exist in indus plain.
 It is about 1,600 km long and covers the area of 21 mha.
 It is blessesd with unconfined aquifer having potential of 50 MAF.
 It is exploited to an extent of 38 MAF by 562,000 private tubewells and
10,000 public tubewells.
 Sindh and Balochistan : 40 ft depth
 Rachna doab : 100 ft
 In Punjab 79%,in Sindh 28% of area is underline by freshwater.
 More than 500,000 tubewells supply about 41.6 MAF irrigation water.
WATER DISTRIBUTION
 For sharing and distribution of surface water 2 important agreements have
been made :
 The Indus Water Treaty – 1960 ( International level)
 Apportionment of Indus Water Accord – 1991 (National level)
THE INDUS WATERS TREATY -1960
 Signed between INDIA and PAKISTAN through mediation by WORLD
BANK.
 Under the treaty, Pakistan was given away the use of Western Rivers(
Indus, Chenab and Jhelum).
 2 Storage dams , 8 Inter-link canals , 6 Barrages was constructed.
 The construction of storages and link canals allowed the operation of
Indus irrigation system in controlled and improved manner.
CURRENT SITUATION IN PAKISTAN
 There are number of key issues relating to the water resources which confront Pakistan
today.
 The population of Pakistan is continuously increasing
WATER DEMAND FOR DOMESTIC USE
Year 1990 2000 2025
Population
(Million)
110 140 260
Water
demand(MAF)
1.4 5.2 9.7
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 It comprises of :
 Major reservoirs : 3
 Barrages : 16
 Head works : 2
 Inter-link canals :12
 Canal system : 44 (23 in Punjab,14 in Sindh,5 in KPK, 2 in Balochistan)
 Water courses : 107,000
 Length of canals : 56,073 km
 Tube wells : 500,000
WATER SCARCITY:
 Average canal-water supplies to the indus basin canal commands are around 104 MAF.
 Out of this only 38 MAF is available during Rabi season due to which their productivity is
affected.
 Key issues related to water availability:
 Annual and seasonal variability in availability of surface water.
 Reduction in capacity of storage reserviors.
 Depleting ground water tables.
 Salt water intrusion.
 Increase in domestic and industrial demands.
INADEQUATE STORAGE AND
SEDIMENTATION
 Sedimentation in three major reservoirs –Tarbela, Mangla and chashma- decrease their
storage capacity upto 40%.
 Their estimated loss is given in following table :
REDUCTION IN CAPACITIES OF MAJOR RESERVIORS
Reservoi Year
commissione
Live storage
capacity
(MAF)
Decrese
(%)
starting 2
0
0
0
2010 200 2010
Mangla 1967 5.3 4
.
5
4.2 15 21
Tarbela 1974 9.7 8
.
8
7.3 9 25
Chashma 1971 0.7 0
.
3
0.2 57 71
Total 15.7 1 11.7 13 25
GROUNDWATER OVER-DRAFT,WATER
LOGGING AND SALINITY
 Continued abstraction of groundwater has resulted in overpumping and
lowering of water table.
 Over-pumping could be due to low rate of groundwater-use,floods during
summer and mismanagement.
 Water logging and salinity emerged due to :
 Flat topography
 Seepage from unlined canals
 Mismanagement of irrigation water
 Poor drainage
LOW SYSTEM EFFICIENCY AND
PRODUCTIVITY
 Large amount of water is lost through seepage and evaporation.
 Conveyanvce losses in canals and water courses are around 25% and 30%
respectively.
 Application losses in fields are around 25-40%.
 Overall irrigation efficiency is hardly 30%.
 In Balochistan irrigation to apple orchards exceeds the requirements by
100%.
CONCLUSION
 Pakistan’s water resources have been diminishing at an alarming rates.
 The quality of water is also deteriorating with time.

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Water resources, its distribution and currennt situation 1

  • 1. TOPIC: WATER RESOURCES, ITS DISTRIBUTION AND CURRENT SITUATION IN PAKISTAN
  • 2. INTRODUCTION  Water covers 71% of the Earth surface.  It is essential for all forms of life.  It plays a vital role in county’s economy.  Agriculture is the major user of water.  Timely and adequate availability of water is required for the sustainability of Agriculture.  Hydropower is the cheapest way of generating electicity.
  • 3. WATER RESOURCES  “Sources from which water is available for the water supply schemes or irrigation is called as water resources.”  The most common resources of water are:  Surface Water - River flows - Rainfall  Groundwater -Useable Groundwater Aquifers - Useable Layers Overlying Saline Water
  • 4. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES  Water in river,lake or fresh water wetland.  Naturally replenished by precipitation, lost through discharge to the oceans,evaporation,and subsurface seepage.  Total quantity of water in the system may depends on  Storage capacity  Permability  Runoff  Precipitation and evaporation rate  Human activities
  • 5. RIVER FLOWS Surface water resources of Pakistan mainly based on :  Flows of indus river and its tributaries (Jhelum,Ravi,Beas,Chenab and Sutlej)  Total length of indus river is 2900 Km.  It brings 148.8 MAF of water annually.  Average annual flows in 3 major river basins of Pakistan is : RIVER BASIN AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW MAF(Million Acre Feet) Indus Basin 145.0 Mekran Coastal Basin 3.0 Kharan Closed Desert Basin 0.8
  • 6. RAINFALL  70% of annual rainfall occurs in months of June to September.  Mean Annual rainfall ranges between :  125mm in Balochistan to 750mm in Northwest.  Winter rains are generally widespread.  The present contribution of rain to crops in irrigated areas is about 6 MAF.
  • 7. GLACIERS  They are made up of fallen snow that compresses into large ,thickened ice masses.  The glacier area of Pakistan is about 13,680 sq km.  Important glaciers are o Siachin (75 km) o Baltoro (62 km) o Baifo (67 km) o Hispar (49 km) o Batura (57 km) o Rimo (45 km)
  • 8. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES  Most of groundwater resources of Pakistan exist in indus plain.  It is about 1,600 km long and covers the area of 21 mha.  It is blessesd with unconfined aquifer having potential of 50 MAF.  It is exploited to an extent of 38 MAF by 562,000 private tubewells and 10,000 public tubewells.  Sindh and Balochistan : 40 ft depth  Rachna doab : 100 ft  In Punjab 79%,in Sindh 28% of area is underline by freshwater.  More than 500,000 tubewells supply about 41.6 MAF irrigation water.
  • 9. WATER DISTRIBUTION  For sharing and distribution of surface water 2 important agreements have been made :  The Indus Water Treaty – 1960 ( International level)  Apportionment of Indus Water Accord – 1991 (National level)
  • 10. THE INDUS WATERS TREATY -1960  Signed between INDIA and PAKISTAN through mediation by WORLD BANK.  Under the treaty, Pakistan was given away the use of Western Rivers( Indus, Chenab and Jhelum).  2 Storage dams , 8 Inter-link canals , 6 Barrages was constructed.  The construction of storages and link canals allowed the operation of Indus irrigation system in controlled and improved manner.
  • 11. CURRENT SITUATION IN PAKISTAN  There are number of key issues relating to the water resources which confront Pakistan today.  The population of Pakistan is continuously increasing WATER DEMAND FOR DOMESTIC USE Year 1990 2000 2025 Population (Million) 110 140 260 Water demand(MAF) 1.4 5.2 9.7
  • 12. INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM  It comprises of :  Major reservoirs : 3  Barrages : 16  Head works : 2  Inter-link canals :12  Canal system : 44 (23 in Punjab,14 in Sindh,5 in KPK, 2 in Balochistan)  Water courses : 107,000  Length of canals : 56,073 km  Tube wells : 500,000
  • 13. WATER SCARCITY:  Average canal-water supplies to the indus basin canal commands are around 104 MAF.  Out of this only 38 MAF is available during Rabi season due to which their productivity is affected.  Key issues related to water availability:  Annual and seasonal variability in availability of surface water.  Reduction in capacity of storage reserviors.  Depleting ground water tables.  Salt water intrusion.  Increase in domestic and industrial demands.
  • 14. INADEQUATE STORAGE AND SEDIMENTATION  Sedimentation in three major reservoirs –Tarbela, Mangla and chashma- decrease their storage capacity upto 40%.  Their estimated loss is given in following table : REDUCTION IN CAPACITIES OF MAJOR RESERVIORS Reservoi Year commissione Live storage capacity (MAF) Decrese (%) starting 2 0 0 0 2010 200 2010 Mangla 1967 5.3 4 . 5 4.2 15 21 Tarbela 1974 9.7 8 . 8 7.3 9 25 Chashma 1971 0.7 0 . 3 0.2 57 71 Total 15.7 1 11.7 13 25
  • 15. GROUNDWATER OVER-DRAFT,WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY  Continued abstraction of groundwater has resulted in overpumping and lowering of water table.  Over-pumping could be due to low rate of groundwater-use,floods during summer and mismanagement.  Water logging and salinity emerged due to :  Flat topography  Seepage from unlined canals  Mismanagement of irrigation water  Poor drainage
  • 16. LOW SYSTEM EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY  Large amount of water is lost through seepage and evaporation.  Conveyanvce losses in canals and water courses are around 25% and 30% respectively.  Application losses in fields are around 25-40%.  Overall irrigation efficiency is hardly 30%.  In Balochistan irrigation to apple orchards exceeds the requirements by 100%.
  • 17. CONCLUSION  Pakistan’s water resources have been diminishing at an alarming rates.  The quality of water is also deteriorating with time.