1. The document discusses the historical development of polygraphy and lie detection techniques from the 18th century to modern day. It details the early pioneers who developed the cardiovascular, respiratory, and electrodermal components that make up the modern polygraph machine. 2. Key figures mentioned include William Moulton Marston who developed the systolic blood pressure test in 1915 and Leonarde Keeler who invented the Keeler Polygraph in 1925, considered the first modern polygraph. 3. The document also outlines the development of different questioning techniques used with polygraphs, such as the relevant-irrelevant test and comparison question test. It describes the contributions of pioneers like John Reid to refining polygraph methodology

1. POLYGRAPHY EXPANDED: A
MODERN WAY OF LIE DETECTION
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2. B. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
POLYGRAPHY

3. A. DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOGRAPH
COMPONENT
1. Daniel Defoe (1730)
- recommended taking the
pulse of a suspicious fellow as a
practical, effective, and humane
method for distinguishing
truthfulness from lying.
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4. 2. Francis Franke
- Invented the Plethysmograph
- It is an instrument that
determines the influence of
emotion and fear to cardio
activity and respiration
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5. 3. ANGELO MOSSO (1878)
- Studied the effects of fear and
emotion on cardiovascular and
respiratory of the subject that
undergo questioning.
- Developed
sphygmomanometer and
scientific cradle, which he used
in studying fear and influence of
the heart
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6. SCIENTIFIC CRADLE
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7. 4. Cesare Lombroso (1895)
- Modified Hydrosphymograph
and used it in his experiments to
measure the physiological
changes that occurred in a crime
suspect’s blood pressure and
pulse rate during police
interrogation
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8. HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH
- measure changes in pulse
and blood when suspect
were asked about their
involvement in or
knowledge of specific
response
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9. 5. William Moulton Marston
(1915)
- Considered the Father of
Modern Polygraphy
- He developed Systolic Blood
Pressure Deception Test
(Discontinuous Systolic Blood
Pressure Test) in 1915
- He also built the first proto-
type polygraph
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10. Discontinuous Systolic Blood Pressure Test
Made used a standard blood pressure cuff and
a stethoscope to take intermittent systolic
blood pressure readings of a suspect during
questioning to detect deception
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11. 6. John Augustus Larson
- Developed the Larson’s
Polygraph capable of
continuously recording blood
pressure, pulse, and respiration.
- And it was considered as many to
be the original lie detector.
- Married to Margaret Taylor, one of
the other suspects
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12. 7. Etienne-Jules Marey
- A French scientist
- Started by studying blood
circulation in the human body
- Produces sphygmograph which
allowed medical doctors to
produced graphical records of
pulse rate for the first time
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13. 8. Leonarde Keeler
- Invented Keeler Polygraph in
1925 which is an improvement
of Larson’s Polygraph.
- He is known as the Father of
Polygraph
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14. A. DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMOGRAPHY
COMPONENT
1. Vittorio Benussi (1914)
- Successfully detected deception
with a pneumography (an
instrument that graphically
measures an examinee’s inhalation
and exhalation)
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15. 2. Harold Burtt
- Determined that respiratory
changes were indicative of
deception
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16. A. DEVELOPMENT OF GALVANOGRAPH
COMPONENTS
1. Luigi Galvani (Italian
Physiologist)
- Accorded the distinction for
developing the galvanic skin reflex
or the galvanometer, which records
electrical bodily resistance in term
of ohm.
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17. 2. Georg Sticker
- First to suggest the use of
galvanograph for detecting
deception based on the work of
several predecessors.
- Theorised that exciting mental
impressions influence the
galvanic skin phenomenon and
will have no effect upon it.
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18. 3. Otto Veraguth
- Used the term Psycho-galvanic
Skin Reflex
- Believed that the electrical
phenomenon was due to the
activity of the sweat glands.
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19. THE MODERN POLYGRAPH
1. Leonarde Keeler
- 1949, galvanometer was added
to his invention
- Recognised as the inventor of
the first modern polygraph
with kymograph, composed of
paper roller and metal bellow
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20. 2. John Edward Reid
- American criminologist
- Devised the Reid
Polygraph, a new device
for recording
unobserved muscular
activities of the arms,
thighs, and feet.
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21. 3. Sir James Mackenzie
- Scottish cardiologist
- Introduced Clinical
polygraph which can
simultaneously record
undulated line tracings of
the vascular pulses (radial,
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22. 4. Dr. Joseph F. Kubis of
Fordham University in
New York City
- First researcher to use
potential computer
applications for polygraph
chart analysis in the late
1970’s.
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23. 5. Drs. John C. Kircher and
David C. Raskin
- Conducted research on
computerized polygraph
during the 1980s.
- Developed the Computer
Assisted Polygraph System
(CAPS).
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24. 6. Dr. Dale E. Olsen and John
C. Harris
- Statisticians at Johns
Hopkins University
Applied Physics
Laboratory, in Maryland
- They completed a
software program called
PolyScore in 1993.
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25. C. OTHER METHODS IN DETECTING
DECEPTION
1. Word Association Test
- Developed by Francis Galton in
1879
- Prepared a list of stimulus and
non-stimulus group of words
separated in time to allow the
patient to utter his first thought
generated by each word.
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26. -This is not concern whether your
answer is yes or no.
THEORY:
Guilty subject answer immediately
when the question is non-stimulus
and takes time to answer stimulus
questions.
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27. Alexander R. Luria
- Modified the Word
Association Test Technique,
introduced by Galton, to be
suitable in Russia.
Hugo Munsterberg
- Introduced in the US the first
forensic application of WAT in
lie detection.
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28. 2. Physiological Stress Evaluator
(PSE)
- Developed by Charles R.
McQuiston together with his
friends Alan Bell and Wilson
Ford in 1970
- It detects the slight trembling
in the voice, which may be
interpreted to determine if the
person is telling the truth.
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29. 3. Administration of Truth
Serum
- Introduced by Dr. Edward
Mandell House
- Used Hysocine
hydrobromide
administered to the
subject hypodermically
unit.
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30. 4.
Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis
- Used Psychiatric Sodium
amytal/Na pentothal, a drug
that is causes depression of
the inhibitory mechanism of
the brain, which makes the
subject talk freely.
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31. 5. Intoxication with Alcohol
- In vino veritas
- subject is allowed to drink
until intoxicated, wherein his
his power to control
decreases, so questions will
be asked and recorded.
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32. 6. Hypnosis
- Produce a deeper
contact with one’s
emotional life, resulting in
some lifting of repressions
and exposure of buried
fears and conflicts.
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33. Franz Anton Mesmer
- Austrian physician
- Known for inducing a trancelike state, mesmerism, as a
curative agent.
Mesmerism
- Forerunner of hypnotism named after Mesmer
- Mesmeric trance is today identified as hypnosis.
James Braid
- After studying mesmeric trance coined Hypnotism and
Hypnosis after the Greek god of sleep, Hypnos.
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34. MESMERISM / ANIMAL MAGNETISM
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35. Sigmund Freud
-Austrian physician who used hypnosis to help
neurotics recall disturbing events that they had
forgotten but remove because of theoretical
consideration and difficulty he encountered in
hypnotizing some patients.
Posthypnotic Amnesia
- Inability to recall events that occurred while they
were in deep hypnosis.
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36. 7. SCAN (Scientific Content
Analysis)
- Technique developed by
Avinoam Sapir, an Israeli
psychologist and
criminologist.
- SCAN technique requires the
subject his written version of
what happened to detect truth or
deception then later analysed.
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37. 8. VIEW (Verbal Inquiry-
Effective Witness)
Questionnaire
- Typically multiple
questions document
- Reliability is up to 80%
- Used to speed up
investigation
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38. THEORY
-A person cannot lie twice.
- The human psyche makes it difficult
to lie.
-A person, when asked the same
question, but formulated differently,
will answer differently.
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39. 9. Scientific Interrogation
- Questioning of a person
suspected of having
committed an offense or of a
person who is reluctant to
make full revelation of
information in his possession
that is relevant to the
investigation.
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40. D. DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONING
TECHNIQUE
1. Relevant-Irrelevant Test / RI Theory
-Developed by Larson and Keeler in 1942
-Earliest method of polygraph testing
USES 2 KINDS OF QUESTIONS
• Relevant – deal with the issue at hand
• Irrelevant – deal with outside facts or details
- Known fact which the subject cannot lie
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41. THEORY
-The guilty subjects reacts only to relevant questions
-Innocent subjects show no reaction to relevant
questions
Leonarde Keeler
- Credited for the development of the
Relevant/Irrelevant questions Technique, which he
described as Deception Tests and the Lie Detector
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42. 2. RELEVANT-IRRELEVANT WITH SURPRISE
CONTROL QUESTIONS
-Developed by Inbau and Reid about 1948
THEORY
-To stimulate the innocent
-To identify the general nervous tension and guilt
complex
-To improve the contrast between innocent and
guilty subjects
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43. JOHN REID
-Credited with the development of Reviewed Control
Question (Reid Control Question Technique/RCQT)
consisting of a probable lie incorporated into the RI
test
-Introduced the Guilt Complex Test (GCT), previously
described and used by Lee in 1943 and
administered it to the overly responsive subject.
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44. 3. COMPARISON QUESTION TEST (CQT)
- Most common method of polygraph interrogation
- Developed by John Reid
- Begins with an extensive pre-test interview
USES 3 KINDS OF QUESTIONS
a. Relevant – “Did you kill Nicole Brown Simpson?”
b. Comparison – “Have you ever physically harmed
someone?”
c. Irrelevant – “Is your name Orethal James Simpson?”
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45. ASSUMPTIONS
-A liar becomes more aroused by lying to the relevant
questions than the comparison questions.
-The comparison questions will more arouse an innocent
person.
USES
a. Criminal investigations
b. Employee screening
c. Security clearances
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46. 4. DIRECTED LIE TEST (DLT)
-The same kind of questions as CQT, the only subject is
instructed to lie to all the comparison questions.
ASSUMPTIONS:
a. A guilty subject will show more arousal lying to
relevant questions
b. An innocent subject will show more arousal lying to
comparison questions
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47. 5. CONCEALED INFORMATION TEST
(CIT)
- Aka Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)
- Developed by David Lykken in 1958
- Multiple choice (serially presented) questions where the
investigator knows the correct answer.
i.e: What was the weapon used to kill Mr. Boddy?”
i. Candlestick iii. Revolver v. knife
ii. Rope iv. Lead pipe vi. wrench
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48. 6. RELEVANT-IRRELEVANT WITH REVIEWED
AND GUILT-COMPLEX QUESTION
- Developed by Inbau and Reid about 1950-1953
Guilt Complex Question
- Relating to made-up incident of a similar nature but one
which appears to be real in so far as the subject is
concern.
- Administered to overly responsive subject
Reviewed Question
- Known lie
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49. 7. BACKSTER ZONE COMPARISON TEST (BZCT)
- Developed by Backster in 1963
- First comparison question test to incorporate a numerical
scoring system
NAMED FOR THE THREE ZONES:
a. Red Zone – relevant questions
b. Green Zone – probable lie comparison questions
c. Black Zone- questions to uncover examinee concerns
about an issue outside of the scope of the red and green
zones
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50. 8. QUADRI-TRACK ZONE
COMPARISON TECHNIQUE (QTZCT)
-Developed by Prof. James Allan Matte
-Developed in 1977, the Polygraph Quadri-Zone
Comparison Technique renamed in 1995
-Matte identified as Fear of Error by the innocent and
Hope of Error by the guilty
-He also developed Suspicion-Knowledge-Guilt (SKG)
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51. E. OTHER PIONEERS IN THE HISTORY
OF DECEPTION DETECTION
1. RICHARD ARTHER
- First polygraphist to record the
chest and abdominal breathing
patterns simultaneously
- Founded the journal of
polygraph science, the oldest
of the polygraph publications
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52. 2. Richard I. Goldon
- Experimented the use of
control question
technique but requiring
the subject to answer the
question twice, the first
time truthfully and the
second time with a lie.
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53. 3. Erasistratus
- Successfully noted
the frequency of
heartbeat upon
application of some
stimuli related to the
question.
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54. 4. Galileo
- He devised Pulsilogium,
an instrument used to
measure heartbeat
frequency. However, he
did not use this device for
lie detection.
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55. 5. Daniel Defoe
- Wrote an essay in
1730 suggesting that
taking the pulse is a
practical and more
humane method of
detecting a liar.
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56. 6. Dr. Charles E. Cady
- Recommended
chloroform to solve
Lincoln’s assassination,
including the
identification of the
plotters.
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57. 7. Christian Ruckmick
- Repudiated the term
Psychogalvanic reflex
because such a reaction
is not a reflex.
- He proposed the term
Electrodermal Response
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58. 8. C.W Darrow
- Developed
Darrow Behaviour
Research
Photopolygraph.
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59. 9. Capt. Clarence D. Lee
- Designed the Berkeley
Psychograph consisting of a
chart drive or recording
unit,
pneumograph/respiration
unit, cardiograph/pulse-
blood pressure unit, and
stimulus signal unit.
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60. 10. Fred E. Inbau
- Wrote a book Lie
Detection and
Criminal
Investigation.
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61. 11. Dr. William J. Yankee
- Presented a report of the
computerization of
polygraphic recordings to
the Keeler Institute Alumni
Associated 5th Annual
Seminar in Chicago.
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62. 12. Dr. Hans Gross
- Stated that a large
part of the criminal
work is nothing more
than a battle of lies.
- Known as the Father
of Criminalistics
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63. END OF CHAPTER ONE
FORENSIC 5