Transitivity in Pope Francis's Speech Addressed to U. S. Congress

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY IN POPE FRANCIS’S SPEECH
TEXT ADDRESSED TO U. S. CONGRESS
A Research Paper
Submitted to the School of Foreign Languages
Tourism Foundation of Indonesia – ABA Bandung
As a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor Degree (Strata 1)
by:
Yusep Ardiansyah
2012.111.080
English Department
THE SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
TOURISM FOUNDATION OF INDONESIA – ABA BANDUNG
2016

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY IN POPE FRANCIS’S SPEECH
TEXT ADDRESSED TO U. S. CONGRESS
by:
Yusep Ardiansyah
2012.111.080
English Department
Approved by:
Drs. H. Mundari Muhada, Dipl. TEFL Dra. Hj. Lilis Rianita, M.Pd
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Dra. Hj. Iim Rogayah D., M.Hum Dra. Em Endang S. S., M.Hum
Dean of STBA YAPARI-ABA Bandung Chairperson of English Department

ABSTRACT
This research analyzes the transitivity processes, a part of Systemic Functional
Grammar (SFG), in a speech text of Pope Francis on his Apostolic Journey to U.
S. (19-28 September 2015). The method used in this research is qualitative-
descriptive method. The research finds out five transitivity processes and their
uses. They are material process, relational process, mental process, behavioral
process, and verbal process. The dominant process in the data is material process
(52 processes), followed by relational process (14 processes), behavioral process
(12 processes), mental process (11 processes), and verbal process (1 process). The
use of material processes are regularly to convey what is going and what should
have done. Most of the relational processes are used to reveal identities and define
responsibilities of Pope Francis and the addresses of the speech. Mental processes
are generally used to think, sense, describe a situation and express feelings.
Behavioral processes are used to show some actions out of consciousness, and
verbal process is used as the marker of who says the remarks.
Keywords: Transitivity, Systemic Functional Grammar

PREFACE
All praises and the foremost gratitude be to Allah Subhanahu wa Ta‟ala,
for his abundant blessings and endless helps so the writer could finish this
research paper entitled The Analysis Of Transitivity In Pope Francis‘s Speech
Text Addressed To U. S. Congress on time. This research paper is completed to
fulfill the requirements for bachelor degree (Strata 1), in English Language,
English Department of STBA YAPARI – ABA Bandung.
The writer realizes that he did not work by himself to finish this research
paper, so the writer, on this page, would humbly like to convey his gratitude to
those who have helped, guided, and motivated the writer throughout the writing
process of the research paper.
The greatest gratitude goes to his beloved family, for the sacrifices that
make the writer able to reach this level of education and finish it very well.
The utmost gratitude is given to his supervisors, Drs. H. Mundari Muhada
Dipl. TEFL and Dra Hj. Lilis Rianita M. Pd., for the advices and guidance during
the writing process of the research paper.
The sincere gratitude to the Dean of STBA YAPARI – ABA Bandung,
Dra Hj. Iim Rogayah Danasaputra, M.Hum and Chairperson of English
Department, Dra. Em Endang Srisulastri, M.Hum, for every opportunity given to
the writer; All the lecturers who have taught, not only the lectures but also life-
lessons, to the writer, especially Dr. Ahmad Yani, M.A. and Ms. Yuliani Kusuma

Putri for helping the writer initiate this research from the scratch, lending him
some books, being a discussion partner, and an inspiration.
The warmest gratitude to all of his friends; Hanna Sara, for always being
there in the ups and downs; Isabella Natasha, for the good company in the past
four years; Wachana Group: Debora Oktavia, Intan Aswin, Lusiana Sinurat, Indra
Sasterawijaya, Larasdinda Sofiani, and Bunga Naminali for being such a cure
when it comes to boredom and for the laughter in the past two years; Donald
Hasibuan and Sarah Gracia for the good times; his across-the-borders friends,
Carlos Alexandre and Massimo Hu, for the supports, good conversations, and
diversions; B Class 2012 for being wonderful classmates for the past four years;
and anyone who cannot be mentioned one by one here, the writer cannot thank
enough for what you all have done. May God always keep pouring his kindness to
you all.
Bandung, June 2016
Yusep Ardiansyah

TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...................................................... i
ABSTRACT............................................................................................ii
PREFACE..............................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................... v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................... 1
A. Rationale ...................................................................................... 1
B. Research Questions...................................................................... 3
C. Limitation of the Research........................................................... 3
D. Objectives of the Research........................................................... 3
E. Significances of the Research ...................................................... 4
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKS ............................. 6
A. Discourse Analysis....................................................................... 6
B. Speech .......................................................................................... 7
C. Transitivity................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................. 15
A. Research Method........................................................................ 15
B. Data Collecting Techniques....................................................... 16
C. Data Analyzing Techniques....................................................... 16
D. Research Object ......................................................................... 17
1. A brief Biography of Pope Francis ...................................... 17
2. The Apostolic Speech Text of Pope Francis........................ 18
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DATA DISCUSSION..................... 22

A. Finding ....................................................................................... 22
B. Types of Transitivity Processes and the Uses of Processes ....... 22
1. American Society and Politics (Paragraph 1 and 2)............. 22
2. Refugee and Immigrant Crisis (Paragraph 14 and 15)......... 27
3. America and Its Figures (Paragraph 29 and 30)................... 39
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS................... 43
A. Conclusion ................................................................................. 43
B. Suggestions ................................................................................ 44
SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................ 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................ 48
APPENDICES ...................................................................................... 50

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Rationale
People may have their own ways and media to utter what they firmly
hold and believe in their lives. Any kind of communication, either written or
spoken has been a medium of ideas and knowledge to become all-connected
series of utterances.
Discourse, in any forms, has many functions that the purpose of the
use of it might be different—depending on the speaker and the occasion. One
of the common functions of discourse is to covey new information, and to
communicate a content unknown to the addressees, reflecting the events and
experiences in both subjective and objective worlds (Wang, 2010), but in
social context, discourse is used as a form of social practice or action
(Fairlough 1995).
Speech is a discourse form that has long been used to express opinions
and thoughts, but sometimes, the information about what‘s happening around
and inside us is not uttered explicitly and some people cannot comprehend it
clearly.
As the rule, speech consists of linguistic features that cannot be apart
from the set of grammar that even the smallest unit of it can possibly has a
meaning. That notion is supported by Fairlough (1995) who states ―The

grammar of a language as systems of ‗options‘ amongst which speakers make
‗selections‘ according to social circumstances, assuming that formal options
have contrasting meanings, and that choices of forms are always meaningful‖
One of the grammatical units that has a meaning is clause. Gerrot and
Wignell (1994) confirm that clauses encode three aspects of meanings, one of
them is ideational meaning that has something to do with ideas and thing
realized in the linguistic forms, in this case, clauses of options from
transitivity—processes, participants, and circumstances.
This is to imply, in order to reveal the ideational meanings, one should
conduct transitivity analysis, especially to know the processes, because
participants and circumstances are unavoidable in the doings, the happenings,
the feelings, and doings. (Gerot and Wignell, 1994)
The previous study conducted with the focus transitivity analysis in
contextual speech was done by Sehrish Naz (2012) entitled Political language
of Benazir Bhutto: The Transitivity Analysis of her Speech „Democratization
in Pakistan. The writer focuses on the transitivity processes and the uses of
them in the speech of the former Prime Minister of Pakistan—Benazir Bhutto.
There are various processes and uses found in the speech, such as material
process that is used to depict her as a lady of action, mental process to dive
impact to the mass, and relational process to form a very soft image of herself.
Pope Francis is one of the most influential people in the world who has
delivered many speeches. Although he is a religious leader, he often speaks
beyond religious matters—politics and climate change for instance. During his

Apostolic Journey to U. S. (19-28 September 2015), he delivered a speech
talking about some different issues with different ‗goals‘ in front of U. S
Congress that there must be processes he used to deliver those ‗goals‘.
Based on the rationale above, the present research is to analyze the
transitivity in the speech text of Pope Francis addressed to U. S. Congress.
B. Research Questions
The study emphases on transitivity and the uses of it in the speech text,
with the following of the research:
1. What kinds of processes are found in the speech?
2. What are the uses of the transitivity processes in the speech text?
C. Objectives of the Research
There are several aims the writer hopes to obtain while conducting this
study. The aims are as follows:
1. to find out the transitivity processes used in the speech
2. to explain the uses of transitivity processes in the speech
D. Limitation of the Research
The research is to focus on discovering the transitivity processes and
the uses of them based on Halliday‘s theory compiled by Gerot and
Wignell (1994) in of Pope Francis‘s speech at The Joint Session of United
States Congress, on Thursday, 24 September 2015, in Unites States
Capitol, Washington, D. C., United States. The analysis is conducted using
the data from the speech text based on three topics highlighted in the

speech text, they are American Society and Politics, Refugee and
Immigrant Crisis, and America and Its Figures.
E. Significances of Research
The significances of the study are as follows:
1. For the Writer
This research gives the writer information and knowledge about
transitivity and Discourse Analysis (DA). Transitivity can function as a
tool to identify the ideational meanings in any form of communication,
especially written ones.
2. For the Readers or the Other Researchers
This research can be a source of information and a reference in
developing material and variety about transitivity and Discourse
Analysis (DA) for those who are interested in continuing the research
in the same field of the study.
3. For Institution
This research enriches the variety of the researches in the library of
the institution, especially for the research material about transitivity
and Discourse Analysis (DA).
4. For the Lecturers
This research can be a material for teaching in grammar and
Discourse Analysis. This result of the research can also be a good

reference for lecturers in giving example about the variety of the use of
grammar in discourse used in social context.

CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS
A. Discourse Analysis
In term of communication, people might have their own preferences in
expressing their thoughts, either by words, talks, or conversations. Concisely,
since discourse denotes any unit of connected speech or writing longer than a
sentence, it can be utilized by many people to let their voice be heard.
The definition of discourse itself is broad, due to its wide-ranging use from
linguistics, philosophy, sociology and other disciplines. For the purpose of the
present research, the writer discusses discourse in the range of Fairlough‘s
(1995) which refers discourse to ―extended sample of spoken dialogue‖ and
Cook‘s (1982. in Cutting 2012) says ―discourse is the use of language, and
text, or pieces of spoken or written discourse, concentrating on how stretches
of language become meaningful and unified for the users‖.
Fairlough (1995) also states that discourse represents some certain view
towards the world, social relation between people, ways of acting and
interacting, ways of being, and addressees of the text dialectically.
Discourse can be analyzed in the use of written, vocal, or sign language,
using the approaches named Discourse Analysis.
Discourse analysis, based on Paltridge (2006), is a way of analyzing
connected speech or writing with two main interests: the investigation of
language beyond the level of the sentence and the relationship between

linguistic and non-linguistic elements shaped the discourse itself. This analysis
is also the way of describing how language features are distributed within text
and the ways how they are combined in particular kinds and style of text.
Since discourse is not about sharing meanings, they also have got
characteristics linguistic features associated with them, so the meanings and
their realizations are the central interests of discourse analysis.
Paltridge (2006) also adds that:
―Discourse analysis is also a view of language in use; that is, how,
through the use of language, people achieve certain communicative
goals, perform certain communicative acts, participate in certain
communicative events and present themselves to others. Discourse
analysis considers how people manage interactions with each
other, how people communicate within particular groups and
societies, as well as how they communicate with other groups, and
with other cultures. It also focuses on how people do things beyond
language, and the ideas and beliefs that they communicate as they
use language.‖
To be concluded, discourse analysis is concerned about the use of
language requiring the interaction of a speaker and the addressees within
particular context and how ‗discourse makers‘ use language and non-linguistic
objects to shape the discourse.
B. Speech
Speech is a form of spoken language consisting of coherent set of
utterances delivered by a speaker to people as the addressees on particular
occasions.
Speech, referring to Schaffner (1997), is ―part of larger, more extensive
communicative process, and that it can be characterized as a strategic move in

an overreaching communicative plan. It can therefore be assessed properly
only if the larger context is taken into account‖.
In classical rhetoric, a speech is considered as a singular event that can be
qualified by the unity of time, space, the sequential unity of information,
audience.
Speech is mostly utilized to be a representative of something.
Representative speech is restricted to the specific persons with the specific
functions, may be made by a head of a group, a party, or even a state, and
made on specific occasions that must deserve the speech.
There are some functions of speech in general such as to make believe the
present audience the correctness of orator‘s opinions, advices, or the
plausibilities and to persuade the present audience to, at least, decide
according to what the orator has spoken and outlined.
To be concluded, speech text is one of the realizations of discourse,
particularly written discourse. It can be functioned as a representation of the
speaker to convince or influence the hearer to follow speaker‘s traces of
opinions and belief.
C. Transitivity
Grammar is the study of language about organizational set of rules in
putting the linguistic compositions together and making them work. The study

of grammar is divided into three kinds; traditional grammar, formal grammar,
and functional grammar. The terms process and participant could be found in
functional grammar.
Gerrott and Wignell (1994) say functional grammar sees language as a
source for making meaning and representation. In the representation and
meaning could be analyzed through the system of transitivity. This system
explores clauses in its who-does-what-to-whom, who-or-what-is-what-or-who,
when, where, why, or how they function.
There are three semantics category which explain generally how
phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistics structures. They are
circumstances, processes, and participants.
Circumstances are the answer of such questions as why, where, when,
how, and how many. They realize meaning about time, place, manner, cause
accompaniment, matter, and role.
Processes are very essential to transitivity and they are realized by verbs.
Since participants and circumstances are incumbent upon doing, happening,
being, and feeling. This is to suggest that there are different going-ons which
necessarily require different participants in various circumstances.
Gerott and Wignell (1994) confirm there are seven process types identified
by Halliday.

The first is material process. It is a material process doing, expressing the
notion that some entity physically does something to some other entity. Clause
with material process has a doing (process) and doer (participant). The entity
who or which does something is actor the entity which may be done is the
goal. For example:
A young girl picked up some flowers
Actor Material process Goal
The second process is mental process. This is a process of sensing, feeling,
thinking perceiving. Participant roles in mental process are senser—a
conscious being and phenomena. Mental process in not about so much acting
or having feeling, but it is mental, physical, and overt doing. For example:
Sam likes his new watch
Senser Mental Process Phenomena
The third is behavioral process. This is a process psychological or
psychological behavior like dreaming, breathing, snoring, smiling, hiccupping,
looking, watching, listening, and pondering. The participant is called behaver,
a conscious being, but the process is not sensing. For example:
I live in Bandung
Behaver Behavioral Process Circumstance
The circumstances in these processes can also be realized by Range.
Range specifies the range or scope of the process, defining it coordinates or

domain. In behavioral processes, range names the behavioral enacted. For
example:
I took a nap
Behaver Behavioral process Range
The fourth is verbal process. This kind of processes is a process of saying
or symbolically signaling. These processes are realized by two distinct
clauses: the projecting clause encodes a signal source (sayer) and a signaling
(verbal process) and the other (projected clause) realizes what was said. The
projecting and projected are each analyzed in their rights. For Example:
He said that he doesn‘t
like
apples
Sayer Verbal
Process
Senser Mental
Process
Phenomena
There are three other participants that may be incumbent on the verbal
process: receiver—the one to whom the verbalization is addressed, target—
the one added on verbally (insulted, complimented, etc.), and
range/verbiage—a name of verbalization itself. For examples:
Hans Told Mary a cheesy joke
Sayer Verbal Process Receiver Verbiage
I mock him
Sayer Verbal Process Target

There a further participant in verbal process, which is beneficiary. The
beneficiaries are recipient—to whom the goods are given, client—for whom
services are provided, and receiver—the one who is being addressed. For
examples:
I Hand the money to him
Actor Material Process Goal Recipient
He Serves the customers a good service
Actor Material Process Goal Client
You Promised me you ‗d start
running
Sayer Verbal
Process
Receiver Actor Material
The fifth is relational process. This process involves state of being
(including having). They can be classified based on their use: to identify
something or to assign a quality of something.
Processes which identify something are called identifying process and
those who assign a quality of something are attributive process. Each has its
own characteristic participant roles. In identifying processes there are token
and value, and in attributive processes there are carrier and attributive. For
examples:
Maria has a good skill
Carrier Attributive Attribute

Maria is the best archer on earth
Token Identifying Value
The sixth process is existential processes. These processes are usually
expressed by the words be, exist, arise, and the existent can be phenomena of
any kind. For example:
There is a mistake
Existential process Existent
The seventh is metrological processes. The processes are realized when a
sentence contains a word it and it has no representational function but
provides a subject. For example:
It ‗s 4 a.m. now
Metrological

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method
In conducting a research, it is vital to decide the research method that will
be used in order to find the data and information proposed in the research.
Since the writer intends to describe and provide a ‗picture‘ from the data used
consisting of words, then the fitting method should be used is qualitative
descriptive method.
According to Strider (2012) ―Descriptive research provides a detailed
profile of an event, condition or situation using either quantitative, qualitative
or a combination of methods‖
Qualitative research can be used to refer a research based on descriptive
data that does not make use of statistical procedures and it works to uncover
information from information-rich samples. Besides, it tends to be more
interested in presenting a natural and a holistic feature of the phenomena being
studied. This picture includes both the broader sociocultural context (e.g., the
ideological orientations of a speech community as whole) as well as micro-
level phenomena (e. g. interaction in the classroom) (Phatiki, 2014; Perry,
2005: Mackey and Gass 2005)

This is a subjective method. Phatiki (2014) confirms ―qualitative
researchers usually take a subjective stance, which allow them to understand
their research area meaningfully‖
B. Data Collecting Techniques
The procedures of data collection are needed to describe the research
writing process. The accurate and systematical steps done in collecting data
allow the writer to obtain precise goals asked in the research
The source of data for this present study is a speech text of Pope Francis
on his Apostolic Journey to U. S. (19-28 September 2015). The data consist of
words, phrase, and sentence. The source of data is taken from vatican.va
The data collecting techniques are realized by these following steps:
1. Obtaining the speech text from the internet.
2. Reading thoroughly the speech text.
3. Determining the main topics of the speech text.
4. Limiting the data based on particular topics in the speech text.
C. Data Analysis Techniques
Having collected the data, the next phase is analyzing the data. It is a
crucial phase that must be conducted by researchers in order to obtain the
result of the research.
The data analysis techniques will be completed using these following
steps:

1. Explaining the transitivity processes in the speech text
2. Explaining the uses of the transitivity in the speech text.
D. Research Object
1. A Brief Biography of Pope Francis
The biography is taken from biography.com
Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected the 266th pope of the Roman
Catholic Church in March 2013, becoming Pope Francis. He is the first
pope from the Americas.
Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on December 17, 1936, Jorge Mario
Bergoglio became Pope Francis on March 13, 2013, when he was named
the 266th pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Bergoglio, the first pope
from the Americas, took his papal title after St. Francis of Assisi of Italy.
Prior to his election as pope, Bergoglio served as archbishop of Buenos
Aires from 1998 to 2013 (succeeding Antonio Quarracino), as cardinal of
the Roman Catholic Church of Argentina from 2001 to 2013, and as
president of the Bishops' Conference of Argentina from 2005 to 2011.
Pope Francis made his first international visit in July 2013, traveling to
Brazil. In December 2013, Pope Francis was also named Person of the
Year by Time magazine. To date, his tenure has been characterized by
humility and outspoken support of the world's poor and marginalized
people, and he has been involved actively in areas of political diplomacy
and environmental advocacy.

2. The Speech of the Visit to the Joint Session of the United States Congress
This speech text is downloaded from vatican.va. The speech text below is
the limited data of the speech text analyzed in this research. The full version
of the speech text is available on appendices.
Mr. Vice-President,
Mr. Speaker,
Honorable Members of Congress,
Dear Friends,
I am most grateful for your invitation to address this Joint Session
of Congress in ―the land of the free and the home of the brave‖. I
would like to think that the reason for this is that I too am a son of this
great continent, from which we have all received so much and toward
which we share a common responsibility.
Each son or daughter of a given country has a mission, a personal
and social responsibility. Your own responsibility as members of
Congress is to enable this country, by your legislative activity, to grow
as a nation. You are the face of its people, their representatives. You
are called to defend and preserve the dignity of your fellow citizens in
the tireless and demanding pursuit of the common good, for this is the
chief aim of all politics. A political society endures when it seeks, as a
vocation, to satisfy common needs by stimulating the growth of all its
members, especially those in situations of greater vulnerability or risk.

Legislative activity is always based on care for the people. To this you
have been invited, called and convened by those who elected you.
In recent centuries, millions of people came to this land to pursue
their dream of building a future in freedom. We, the people of this
continent, are not fearful of foreigners, because most of us were once
foreigners. I say this to you as the son of immigrants, knowing that so
many of you are also descended from immigrants. Tragically, the
rights of those who were here long before us were not always
respected. For those peoples and their nations, from the heart of
American democracy, I wish to reaffirm my highest esteem and
appreciation. Those first contacts were often turbulent and violent, but
it is difficult to judge the past by the criteria of the present.
Nonetheless, when the stranger in our midst appeals to us, we must not
repeat the sins and the errors of the past. We must resolve now to live
as nobly and as justly as possible, as we educate new generations not
to turn their back on our ―neighbors‖ and everything around us.
Building a nation calls us to recognize that we must constantly relate to
others, rejecting a mindset of hostility in order to adopt one of
reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort to do our best. I am
confident that we can do this.
Our world is facing a refugee crisis of a magnitude not seen since
the Second World War. This presents us with great challenges and

many hard decisions. On this continent, too, thousands of persons are
led to travel north in search of a better life for themselves and for their
loved ones, in search of greater opportunities. Is this not what we want
for our own children? We must not be taken aback by their numbers,
but rather view them as persons, seeing their faces and listening to
their stories, trying to respond as best we can to their situation. To
respond in a way which is always humane, just and fraternal. We need
to avoid a common temptation nowadays: to discard whatever proves
troublesome. Let us remember the Golden Rule: ―Do unto others as
you would have them do unto you‖ (Mt 7:12).
A nation can be considered great when it defends liberty as Lincoln
did, when it fosters a culture which enables people to ―dream‖ of full
rights for all their brothers and sisters, as Martin Luther King sought to
do; when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed, as
Dorothy Day did by her tireless work, the fruit of a faith which
becomes dialogue and sows peace in the contemplative style of
Thomas Merton.
In these remarks I have sought to present some of the richness
of your cultural heritage, of the spirit of the American people. It is my
desire that this spirit continue to develop and grow, so that as many
young people as possible can inherit and dwell in a land which has
inspired so many people to dream. God bless America!

CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DATA ANALYSIS
A. Finding
Having collected the data, the writer has found 7 transitivity processes in 7
issues highlighted and written in 30 paragraphs and 140 sentences. The 7
processes are analyzed in 3 issues: American Society and Politics, Refugee
and Immigrant Crisis, and America and Its Figures, 6 paragraphs, and 29
sentences.
B. Data Analysis
1. Types of Transitivity Processes and the Uses of Processes
a. American Society and Politics (Paragraph 1 and 2)
Paragraph 1:
“I am most grateful for your invitation to address this Joint
Session of Congress in “the land of the free and the home of the brave””.
Analysis:
The first sentence of paragraph 1 contains mental process. I is the
senser, am most grateful shows the process, which is mental process, of
your invitation to address this Joint Session of Congress is the
phenomenon and in “the land of the free and the home of the brave” is the
circumstance. Pope Francis used mental process to describe his gratitude
for being present in front of U. S. Congress.

“I would like to think that the reason for this is that I too am a son
of this great continent, from which we have all received so much and
toward which we share a common responsibility”.
Analysis:
The second sentence consists of five clauses. The clause one has
two processes, they are material process where I is the actor and the
process is indicated by the word like and mental process shown by the
words to think. The clause two the reason for this is comprises relational
process, shown by the reason for this as the token and is as the relational-
identifying process. Pope Francis used these three processes to reason.
The clause three is I too am a son of this great continent. I is the
token, am is relational-identifying process, and a son of this great
continent is the value. This process is used to emphasize the identity of
him as the reason of his being in front of the U. S Congress.
The last two clauses, we have all received so much and we share a
common responsibility, have material processes, both of we are pointing
out the actor and the verbs received and share are the indicators of
process, while a common responsibility is goal. The processes in these
clauses are used to show the unity of American society who is responsible
for taking care of the American continent.
Paragraph 2:

Each son or daughter of a given country has a mission, a personal
and social responsibility.
Analysis:
The sentence has relational-attributive process. Each son or
daughter of a given country is carrier, the word has is relational-
attributive process, and a mission; a personal and social responsibility is
attribute. The process in this sentence is used to repeat and stress the
responsibility that the citizens of a country have toward their own country.
“You are the face of its people, their representatives”.
Analysis:
The sentence has a relational process too. Token is realized by the
word you, are is relational-identifying process, and the face of its people,
their representatives is value. The process here is used to define the role of
U.S Congress.
“You are called to defend and preserve the dignity of your fellow
citizens in the tireless and demanding pursuit of the common good, for this
is the chief aim of all politics”.
Analysis:

The sentence above is made up by two clauses. The first clause has
two material processes. The word you is the goal, called is pointer of the
process. The process is realized by the words defend and preserve and the
dignity of your fellow citizens in the tireless and demanding pursuit of the
common good is the goal of the clause. This process in this sentence is
used to mention the responsibilities of the U, S. Congress members.
The following clause, for this is the chief aim of all politics, has
relational-identifying process: this is the carrier, is is the indicator of the
process, and chief aim of all politics is the value of the clause. The process
in this clause is used to emphasize why the responsibilities are supposed to
be fulfilled.
“A political society endures when it seeks, as a vocation, to satisfy
common needs by stimulating the growth of all its members, especially
those in situations of greater vulnerability or risk”.
Analysis:
There are two clauses establishing the next sentence. A political
society endures is a clause owning mental process, where the process is
realized by the verb endures and a political society is the senser of the
clause. The next clause is when it seeks, as a vocation which has material
process that is showed by the verb seeks, the actor is it, and as a vocation
is circumstances. Satisfy is the indicator of material process, the goal is

common needs, and by stimulating the growth of all its members,
especially those in situations of greater vulnerability or risk is the
circumstances of the clause. The processes in this sentence are used to
describe a situation in political society.
“Legislative activity is always based on care for the people”.
Analysis:
The sentence comprises behavioral process highlighted by words
based on, while Legislative activity is the behaver, care for the people is
the range, and the word always is the circumstances of the clause. The
process in this is used to tell how legislative activity should work.
To this you have been invited, called and convened by those who
elected you.
Analysis:
This sentence has two clauses. The clause to this you have been
invited, called and convened by those owns material process that can be
seen from the verbs invited, called, and convened. The actor of the clause
is those, you is the goal and to this is the circumstances. The next clause is
who elected you that has a material process, the actor is who, the verb
showing the material process is elected and, you is the goal. The processes

in this sentence are used to highlight the reason of their presence, as the
members of U.S. Congress.
b. Refugee and Its Crisis (Paragraph 14 and 15)
“In recent centuries, millions of people came to this land to pursue
their dream of building a future in freedom”.
Analysis:
This sentence has a clause with two processes. Clause one, is in
recent centuries, millions of people came to this land, owns material
process showed by the verb came, the actor of the clause is millions of
people, and in recent centuries and to this land are the circumstances. To
pursue their dream contains material process. The process is polarized by
the verb pursue and their dream of building a future in freedom is the goal
of the clause. The processes in these clauses are used to clarify why people
come to America.
“We, the people of this continent, are not fearful of foreigners,
because most of us were once foreigners”
Analysis:
This sentence is constituted by two clauses and these two clauses
have the different processes. Clause one, we, the people of this continent,
are not fearful of foreigners, has mental process clarified by word fearful,

while we is the senser and of foreigners is the phenomenon of the clause.
The process in this clause is used to express their feeling about foreigners.
Clause two of the sentence is because most of us were once
foreigners. This clause has relational process: most of us is token, were is
the pointer of relational-identifying process, once is the circumstance, and
foreigners is the value. The process in this clause is used to define who
they were in the past.
“I say this to you as the son of immigrants, knowing that so many
of you are also descended from immigrants”
Analysis:
This sentence involves two clauses in it. Clause one has verbal
process identified by the word say, I is the sayer, this is the target, and to
you is the recipient. Clause two holds two process, they are mental process
and behavioral process. It is known from the word knowing. The
processes in these two different clauses are used to speak on behalf of their
identities.
The next process is behavioral process indicated by the word
descended, you is the behaver, and from immigrants is the range of the
clause. This process is used, once again, to define their identities.

“Tragically, the rights of those who were here long before us were
not always respected”.
Analysis:
This sentence involves two clauses. Clause one is tragically, the
rights of those who were here long before us has relational process: Those
is the carrier, were is the indicator of the process and here long before us
is the attribute of the clause. Clause two, were not always respected,
preserves material process. The process can be identified by the word
respected while always is the circumstance. The processes in the sentence
are used to describe a condition of the rights of their ancestors.
“For those peoples and their nations, from the heart of American
democracy, I wish to reaffirm my highest esteem and appreciation”.
Analysis:
This sentence is constituted by two processes. For those peoples
and their nations, from the heart of American democracy, I wish, has
material process known from the word wish, I is the actor, from the heart
of American democracy is the circumstance, and for those peoples and
their nations is the recipient. The next is to reaffirm my highest esteem and
appreciation. This contains material process. Reaffirm is the verb pointing
out the process and my highest esteem and appreciation is the goal of the

clause. Pope Francis used these processes emphasize his positions toward
people whose right we not respected enough.
“Those first contacts were often turbulent and violent, but it is
difficult to judge the past by the criteria of the present”.
Analysis:
There are two clauses forming this sentence. Clause one is those
first contacts were often turbulent and violent. This clause has relational
process: those first contacts is the token, were is the relational-attributive,
often is the circumstances, and turbulent and violent are the attributes.
Clause two, but it is difficult, comprises relational process too. It is the
token, is is the sign of material-attributive process, and difficult is the
attribute of the clause. The next is is to judge the past by the criteria of the
present. This last clause of the sentence owns behavioral process. The
word judge is the indicator of behavioral process, the past is the range,
and by the criteria of the present is the circumstance of the clause. These
three processes are used to compare the condition in the past and condition
right now.
Nonetheless, when the stranger in our midst appeals to us, we must
not repeat the sins and the errors of the past.
Analysis:

The sentence is made up of two clauses. Clause one, nonetheless,
when the stranger in our midst appeals to us, has material process. The
process is pointed out by the verb appeals, while the actor is the stranger
in our midst, and the circumstance is us. Clause two is we must not repeat
the sins and the errors of the past that has material process shown by the
word repeat and repeat the sins and the errors of the past is the goal of the
clause. The processes in this sentence are used to suggest that we should
be aware of not repeating mistakes in the past.
We must resolve now to live as nobly and as justly as possible, as
we educate new generations not to turn their back on our “neighbors” and
everything around us.
Analysis:
This sentence consists of two clauses. Clause one is we must
resolve now to live as nobly and as justly as possible that has two
processes. The first is material process: we is the actor, resolve is the
pointer of the process, and now is the circumstance. The second is
behavioral process. The process is clarified by the word live and as nobly
and as justly as possible is the circumstance. Clause two, as we educate
new generations, contains material process; we is the actor, educate is the
verb signifying the process, and new generation is the goal of the clause,
and not to turn their back on our “neighbors” and everything around us,
holds material process that is showed by the word turn. The goal is their

back and on our “neighbors” and everything around us is the
circumstance of the clause. Through the processes in the sentence, Pope
Francis declared that the refugee crisis needs stopping by educating the
new generation not to repeat the mistakes in the past.
Building a nation calls us to recognize that we must constantly
relate to others, rejecting a mindset of hostility in order to adopt one of
reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort to do our best.
Analysis:
This sentence involves two clauses. Clause one, building a nation
calls us to recognize, has three processes. The first process is material
process. The word building is the pointer of the process and nation is the
goal. The second is calls us which has a material process: calls is the
word clarified the process and us is the goal of the clause. And the third, to
recognize, retains mental process. Clause two is that we must constantly
relate to others rejecting a mindset of hostility in order to adopt one of
reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort to do our best.. This clause
preserves four processes. The first is material process: we is the actor,
constantly is the circumstances, relate is the verb of the process, and to
others is the recipient. The second process in rejecting a mindset of
hostility is behavioral process. The process is indicated by the word
rejecting and the range of the clause is a mindset of hostility. The third is
in order to adopt one of reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort. This

comprises behavioral process. The word adopt is signifying the process,
one of reciprocal subsidiarity is the range, and in a constant effort is the
circumstance of the clause. The fourth, to do our best, has a material
process, known from the verb do, while our best is the goal of the clause.
The processes in the sentence are used to tell what should be done when it
comes to building a nation.
“I am confident that we can do this”.
Analysis:
This sentence has two clauses with two different processes. Clause
one is I am confident that contains mental process reflected by the word
am and pronoun I is the senser. The process in this clause is used to
express his confidence.
Clause two, we can do this, holds material process embodied by
do, the actor is we, and this is the goal of the clause. The process in this
clause is used to show the ability of American society helping the world to
end the refugee crisis.
Paragraph 15
“Our world is facing a refugee crisis of a magnitude not seen since
the Second World War”.
Analysis:

The first sentence consists of s clauses with two processes: Our
world is facing a refugee crisis of a magnitude and not seen since the
Second World War. The first process is behavioral process expressed by
the word facing, the behaver is our world, and a refugee crisis of a
magnitude is the range. The second is mental process identified by the
word seen and since the Second World War is the circumstance. The
processes in this sentence are used to portray the world‘s situation
“This presents us with great challenges and many hard decisions”.
Analysis:
The second sentence is this presents us with great challenges and
many hard decisions. This one has material process portrayed by the verb
presents, while the actor is pronoun this, the goal is us, and the
circumstance is with great challenges and many hard decisions. The
processes in the sentence are used to tell the consequences of what the
world is facing.
”On this continent, too, thousands of persons are led to travel
north in search of a better life for themselves and for their loved ones, in
search of greater opportunities”.
Analysis:

This sentence has material process shown by the verb led,
thousands of persons is the goal and on this continent is the circumstance
and material process pointed out by the world travel, while north in
search of a better life and in search of greater opportunities are the
circumstance of the clauses and for themselves and for their loved ones is
the client. The processes in the sentence are used to describe the condition
of refugee/immigrant crisis in American Continent.
“Is this not what we want for our own children?”.
Analysis:
The fourth sentence is is this not what we want for our own
children. This sentence consists of two clauses. The first clause is is this
not owning the relational-identifying process, illustrated by the word is
and the word this is the token. The second clause is what we want for our
own children. This clause comprises mental process expressed by the
word want, we is the senser and for our own children is the client. The
processes in this sentence are used to emphasize if we want this problem
to keep happening
“We must not be taken aback by their numbers, but rather view
them as persons, seeing their faces and listening to their stories, trying to
respond as best we can do to their situation”.
Analysis:

This sentence has three clauses. The first clause, we must not be
taken aback by their numbers, has material process, shown by the word
taken, we is the goal and their numbers is the actor. The second clause but
rather view them as persons holds behavioral process, indicated by the
word view, them is the range and as persons is the circumstance of the
clause. The next is seeing their faces. This has mental process expressed
by word seeing and their faces is the phenomenon of the clause. Listening
to their stories has behavioral process, it can be seen from the word
listening and to their stories is the range. The next is trying that has
behavioral process and to respond as best that contains material process
and as best is the circumstance of the clause. The third clause we can do
to their situation, is a clause owning material process pointed out by the
word do, where we is the actor, to their situation is the client. These
processes in this sentence are used to advise the solutions about
refugee/immigrant problem so it won‘t get any worse.
“To respond in a way this is always humane, just, and fraternal”.
Analysis:
This sentence has material process that is illustrated by the word
respond and the words in a way is the circumstances of the clause and
holds relational process proven by the word this is the token, is is the
pointer of the relational-identifying process, the adjectives humane, just,
and fraternal, are the values, and always is the circumstance of the clause.

The processes in this sentence are used to suggest in what ways we should
handle refugee/immigrant process.
“We need to avoid a common temptation nowadays: to discard
whatever proves troublesome”.
Analysis:
There are two clauses made up of this sentence: we need, to avoid
a common temptation nowadays, to discard, and whatever proves
troublesome. Clause one has behavioral process, we is the behaver and
need is the pointer of the process, material process shown by the word
avoid, the goal is a common temptation, and nowadays is the circumstance
of the clause, and to discard has material process. Clause two owns
material process too: whatever is the actor, proves is the material process,
and troublesome is the goal of the clause. The processes in this sentence
are used to tell what to do to cut the troubles.
”Let us remember the Golden Rule”
This sentence consists of two processes. Process one is material
process pointed out by the word let while us is the goal of the clause.
Process two is mental processes clarified by the word remember and the
Golden Rule is the phenomenon. The processes in this sentence are used to
invite to remember a rule that should be a foundation in handling the
crisis.

c. America and Its Figures
Paragraph 28
A nation can be considered great when it defends liberty as
Lincoln did, when it fosters a culture which enables people to “dream” of
full rights for all their brothers and sisters, as Martin Luther King sought
to do; when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed, as
Dorothy Day did by her tireless work, the fruit of a faith which becomes
dialogue and sows peace in the contemplative style of Thomas Merton.
Analysis:
The sentence is constituted by nine clauses. The first clause is a
nation can be considered great which has a behavioral process, where a
nation is the behaver, the process is pointing out by the word considered,
and great is range. The second clause is when it defends liberty that holds
material process proved by the word defends, while the word liberty is the
goal, and pronoun it is the actor of the clause. The third is as Lincoln did
comprising the material process. Lincoln is the actor and did is portraying
material process in the clause. The fourth is when it fosters a culture. This
clause has a material process expressed by foster, the actor is pronoun it,
and the goal is a culture. The fifth clause is which enables people that
preserves material process in it, the actor is which, the verb showing the
process is enables people is the goal. The next is to “dream” of full rights

for all their brothers and sisters. This one has a material process
expressed by the word dream, while the goal is of full rights for all their
brothers and sisters. The processes in these clauses are used to tell what it
takes to become a great nation.
The sixth is as Martin Luther King sought to do that retains
material process specified by the word sought and Martin Luther King is
the actor, and to do has material process realized by the word do. The
seventh clause, when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed,
has material process. The process can be seen through the word strive, the
actor is pronoun it, and the goal is for justice and the cause of the
oppressed. The processes in these clauses are used to reflect what Martin
Luther King did that becomes an inspiration, especially when it comes to
justice.
The eighth is as Dorothy Day did by her tireless work which
possesses material process showed by the word did as the process in
clause and Dorothy Day is the actor, while by her tireless work is
circumstances. The ninth is the fruit of a faith which becomes dialogue
which has relational-attributive process illustrated by the word becomes,
the fruit of a faith is the carrier, and dialogue is the attribute. The
processes in these clauses are used to look up to Dorothy Day as her works
become a muse when it comes to conflicts.

The eleventh clause is and sows peace in the contemplative style of
Thomas Merton. This clause contains material process, known from the
word sows, peace is the goal, and in the contemplative style of Thomas
Merton is the circumstance. The processes in this clause are used to praise
Thomas Merton toward his works, especially when it comes to peace.
Paragraph 29
In these remarks I have sought to present some of the richness of
your cultural heritage, of the spirit of the American people.
Analysis:
The first sentence of the paragraph has one clause with two
processes in it. One is in these remarks I have sought which contains
material process, I is actor, the pointer of the material process is
represented by the verb sought, and in these remarks is circumstances. The
next possesses material process too, indicated by the verb present and
some of the richness of your cultural heritage, of the spirit of the American
people is goal. The processes in this sentence are used to represent him as
the representation of America.
“It is my desire that this spirit continue to develop and grow, so
that as many young people as possible can inherit and dwell in a land
which has inspired so many people to dream. God bless America!”

Analysis:
The second sentence comprises five clauses. It is my desire is a
clause having relational process: it is token, is is relational-identifying, and
my desire is value of the clause. The next is this spirit continue that owns
material process demonstrated by the verb continue, while this spirit is
actor of the clause. The previous clause is followed by another clause, to
develop and grow, which has behavioral process symbolized by the words
develop and grow. The processes in these clauses are used to express his
feeling about American spirit.
The next clause of the sentence is as many young people as
possible inherit and dwell in a land which has behavioral process showed
by the verbs inherit and dwell, behaver of the clause is as many young
people as possible, and in a land is circumstances. The next clause follows
is which has inspired so many people to dream. The clause holds material
process, pointed out by the verb inspired, the actor of the clause is which,
and so many people is goal. The clause to dream is material process. The
processes in these clauses are used to tell what America has done well.
The last is God bless America which has a material process. God is
actor, bless is signifying material process, and America is the goal. The
process in this sentence is used to state that only God can bless America.

Based on the finding and the discussion, there are 5 transitivity
processes found with the total number of the 5 processes is 90. They are
material process (52 processes), relational process (14 processes),
behavioral process (12 processes), mental process (11 processes), and
verbal process (1 process). The percentage of the transitivity processes
found is drawn below.
From the percentage above, it is known that the most dominant transitivity
process used is material process. Pope Francis tries to prove that he is a man of
action through the use of material process because the process is related to action.
58%
16%
12%
13%
1%
Transitivity Processes
Material
Relational
Mental
Behavioral
Verbal

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Having analyzed the data using the techniques written on chapter III, the
writer has finally come to the conclusions of the research. The conclusions are as
follows:
1. From seven transitivity processes of Halliday compiled by Gerot and
Wignell, there are only five transitivity processes found after analyzing
the data. They are material process, relational process, mental process,
behavioral process, and verbal process. The dominant process in the
data is material process (52 processes), followed by relational process
(14 processes), behavioral process (12 processes), mental process (11
processes), and verbal process (1 process).
2. The uses of the processes are various and they reveal that Pope Francis
tends to use material processes to convey what is going and what
should have done. Most of the relational processes are used to reveal
identities and define responsibilities of Pope Francis and the addresses
of the speech. Mental processes are generally used to think, sense,
describe a situation and express feelings. Behavioral processes are
used to show some actions out of consciousness. The only one verbal
process is used as the marker of who says the remarks.

By applying the transitivity processes in his speech, Pope Francis tried to
make impression of being the representation of America, a man of action, and an
agent of changes.
B. Suggestions
The suggestion for the future analysis is that the next researchers should
continue this research by expanding it into wider range or changing the topic
into more attention-grabbing one because speech text of Pope Francis on his
Apostolic Journey still remains many to be explored, it depends on the
researcher‘s point in conducting the analysis. In addition, transitivity and the
other elements of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) as the main topic and
tool has also the other uses, they are:
1. Transitivity can also be used as a main tool to analyze different
medium besides speech text.
2. It would be very challenging for the researchers to use transitivity as a
tool to reveal one‘s ideology manifested in linguistic forms.

SINOPSIS
Bahasa telah lama menjadi media bagi semua orang untuk berkomunikasi
di kehidupan sehari-hari. Seseorang mungkin memiliki preferensi berbeda dalam
hal bentuk komunikasi yang dipakai untuk mengutarakan apa yang selama ini
mereka percayai, baik itu bentuk tertulis ataupun bentuk lisan.
Dalam pengunaanya, bahasa tidak hanya digunakan untuk bertukar pesan
saja, tetapi lebih dari itu bahasa juga dapat digunakan sebagai representasi seorang
pembicara yang bertujuan untuk menyakinkan dan mempengaruhi para pendengar
agar bisa bertindak sesuai dengan yang telah disampaikan pembicara, terlebih
apabila pembicara tersebut adalah seorang tokoh penting di dunia. Tetapi pada
kenyatanya, tidak semua pendengar memahami maksud dari apa yang yang
disampaikan pembicara, sehingga tujuan pembicara menyampaikan sebuah opini
ataupun pemikiran tidak terpenuhi.
Berdasarkan fenomena diatas, penulis melakukan penelitian dengan topik
transitivity. Trasitivity adalah salah satu bagian dari Systemic Functional
Grammar yang terfokus pada ide, pengalaman, informasi, apa yang terjadi di
sekeliling, dan di dalam diri seorang pembicara yang diwujudkan dan
dimanifestasikan dalam bentuk elemen-elemen bahasa, contohnya klausa. Penulis
mengunakan media teks pidato Pope Francis yang disampaikan di depan anggota
Kongres Amerika pada tanggal 24 September 2015.
Dalam melakukan penelitiannya, penulis membatasi analisa hanya pada
tiga topik, yaitu Masyarakat dan Politik Amerika, Krisis Pengungsi dan Imigran,

dan Tokoh-tokoh Amerika. Penulis menemukan lima proses transitivity yang pada
tiga topic tersebut, yaitu material, mental, behavioral, relational, dan verbal.
Proses-proses tersebut digunakan oleh Pope Francis untuk memberikan kesan
kepada para pendengar bahwa dirinya adalah seorang yang menjadi gambaran
kecil benua Amerika, seorang yang selalu bertindak, dan seorang pembawa
perubahan.

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APPENDICES
1. American Society And Politics
Paragraph 1
Sentences
1. I am most grateful for your invitation to address this Joint Session of
Congress in ―the land of the free and the home of the brave‖.
2. I would like to think that the reason for this is that I too am a son of this
great continent, from which we have all received so much and toward
which we share a common responsibility.
Paragraph 2
Sentences
1. Each son or daughter of a given country has a mission, a personal and
social responsibility.
2. You are the face of its people, their representatives.
3. You are called to defend and preserve the dignity of your fellow
citizens in the tireless and demanding pursuit of the common good, for
this is the chief aim of all politics.
4. A political society endures when it seeks, as a vocation, to satisfy
common needs by stimulating the growth of all its members,
especially those in situations of greater vulnerability or risk.
5. Legislative activity is always based on care for the people.
6. To this you have been invited, called and convened by those who
elected you
2. Refugee And Immigrant Crisis
Paragraph 14
Sentences
1. In recent centuries, millions of people came to this land to pursue
their dream of building a future in freedom.
2. We, the people of this continent, are not fearful of foreigners,
because most of us were 6once foreigners.
3. I say this to you as the son of immigrants, knowing that so many of
you are also descended from immigrants
4. Tragically, the rights of those who were here long before us were not
always respected.
5. For those peoples and their nations, from the heart of American
democracy, I wish to reaffirm my highest esteem and appreciation.

6. Those first contacts were often turbulent and violent, but it is
difficult to judge the past by the criteria of the present.
7. Nonetheless, when the stranger in our midst appeals to us, we must
not repeat the sins and the errors of the past
8. We must resolve now to live as nobly and as justly as possible, as we
educate new generations not to turn their back on our ―neighbors‖
and everything around us.
9. Building a nation calls us to recognize that we must constantly relate
to others, rejecting a mindset of hostility in order to adopt one of
reciprocal subsidiarity, in a constant effort to do our best
10. I am confident that we can do this.
Paragraph 15
Sentences
1. Our world is facing a refugee crisis of a magnitude not seen since the
Second World War
2. This presents us with great challenges and many hard decisions.
3. On this continent, too, thousands of persons are led to travel north in
search of a better life for themselves and for their loved ones, in
search of greater opportunities.
4. Is this not what we want for our own children?
5. We must not be taken aback by their numbers, but rather view them
as persons, seeing their faces and listening to their stories, trying to
respond as best we can to their situation.
6. To respond in a way which is always humane, just, and fraternal
7 We need to avoid a common temptation nowadays: to discard
whatever proves troublesome.
8. Let us remember the Golden Rule: ―Do unto others as you would
have them do unto you‖ (Mt 7:12).
3. America and its Figures
Paragraph 29
Sentences
1. A nation can be considered great when it defends liberty as Lincoln
did, when it fosters a culture which enables people to ―dream‖ of full
rights for all their brothers and sisters, as Martin Luther King sought
to do; when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed, as

Dorothy Day did by her tireless work, the fruit of a faith which
becomes dialogue and sows peace in the contemplative style of
Thomas Merton.
Paragraph 30
Sentences
1. In these remarks I have sought to present some of the richness of
your cultural heritage, of the spirit of the American people.
2. It is my desire that this spirit continue to develop and grow, so that
as many young people as possible can inherit and dwell in a land
which has inspired so many people to dream.

Transitivity in Pope Francis's Speech Addressed to U. S. Congress

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