This document summarizes information from a lab/field assignment covering 4 parts: Part 1 describes pine trees on Huangshan Mountain that have evolved unusual shapes due to strong winds and poor soil conditions. Part 2 identifies 4 types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, granite and hard sandstone turbidite. Part 3 discusses Steno's laws of intrusive relationships and unconformities showing breaks in the geologic record. Part 4 references additional sources on the geology of areas like Huangshan Mountain, the Tahoe Basin, and the Iberian Pyrite Belt.

1. Lab/Field Assignment
Yanyao Wang

2. Part 1 The life form of Huangshan
Part 2 Four kinds of rocks
Part 3 Steno's Laws and Principles
Contents

3. Part 1 Pine trees in Huangshan:
Description: Under different conditions, pine trees
have grown into various peculiar postures, so there
are a lot of pine trees on Huangshan Mountain. In
addition to the climate, the growing location is also
one of the important reasons for welcoming pine.
The tree penetrates the stone, and its roots are
mostly long in the air, teetering in the wind, like
vines. Its branches can only grow towards the other
side of the gable, thus forming a scene of
"welcoming all guests with arms hanging down".
Reason for evolution: Huangshan has a peculiar
climate. Strong wind has blown the pine branches
and leaves on the mountain for many years, causing
causing them to twist or grow spirally. The branches
branches and leaves on the leeward side are denser
than on the windward side and look like a banner. In
In addition, there is very little soil on the mountain,
and the roots of the pine trees are deeply rooted

4. This is a pine fossil found in Canada 140 million years ago that
has been separated from the cypress. History: Mesozoic Triassic
(155-185 million years ago)-the beginning of formation and the
separation of cypress trees. Jurassic (130-155 million years ago)-
Cretaceous in its heyday (0.6-130 million years ago)- Evolutionary
development period Cenozoic and fourth glacial period (2.5 million
years ago)-developed after severe cold and severe tests
There are more than 100 kinds of pine trees in the world, and
there are more than 80 kinds in China. The pine tree has the
beauty of masculinity, and its branches have the characteristics of
softness and rigidity, and the pine leaves give people a sense of
cleanliness. In China, the pine tree is a kind of auspicious tree and
a symbol of evergreenness.
Part 1

5. Huangshan Rock:
How: The Huangshan Mountains are mainly composed of
Yanshanian granite, which has vertical knots and cuts, strong
strong erosion and cutting, staggered cracks and cracks, and
long-term water dissolution, forming granite caves and pores.
pores.
Evolutionary history: During the geological age of Huangshan
Huangshan Mountain, after bai experienced many crustal
movements, it brought the Mesozoic Du Jurassic with folds
and faults. Under the high-temperature compression of the
internal stress of the earth, magma rises and intrudes
toward the surface of the crust along the folds and uplifts
and cracks. When it intrudes, it cools and condenses to form
the underground core of the Huangshan surface.
Part 1

6. Red-billed Lovebird:
The mouth is red-red, the upper body is
dark gray-green, the eyes are light yellow
before and around the eyes, and the ear
feathers are light gray or olive gray. The two
wings have yellow and red wing spots, the
tail is forked, black, the chin and throat are
yellow, and the breast is orange.
The general history of birds:
Archaeopteryx, a toothed animal along with
dinosaurs, the birds reproduced wildly after
the mass extinction. This bird belongs to
the thrush, small in size and easy to
migrate, and the color should be a
protective color to hide in the woods.
Part 1

7. Archaeopteryx
The geological age of the strata where
Archaeopteryx fossils were found is the Late
Jurassic, about 145 million years ago. Since at
least that time, primitive birds have appeared and
gradually evolved. After natural selection, the
birds we currently see have formed. There are
estimated to be more than 9,000 species
worldwide.

8. Igneous rock: Rock formed by condensation after
magma has penetrated into the earth's crust or ejected
from the surface. Magma bursts out of the earth's
surface suddenly and is formed under sudden changes
in temperature and pressure. Minerals are not easy to
crystallize and often have cryptocrystalline or vitreous
structures. Generally, minerals are difficult to identify
with the naked eye.
The stone is extruded rock, which has the
characteristics of stratification, which is often the result
of layer by layer stacking of lava and clastic rock that
have been ejected many times. (The sample picked up
from the gravel pile, is relatively small).
Part 2

9. Granite:
It is an intrusive rock in acidic
(SiO2>66%) magmatic rock. The main
minerals are quartz, potash feldspar
and acid plagioclase, and the
secondary minerals are biotite,
hornblende, and sometimes a small
amount of pyroxene. There are many
types of accessory minerals, common
ones are magnetite, sphene, zircon,
apatite, tourmaline, fluorite and so on.
This is the granite substrate used to
build houses at home.
Part 2

10. Sedimentary rocks:
During the development and evolution of the
earth's crust, under normal temperature and
pressure conditions on or near the surface, any
pre-diagenetic rock is destroyed by weathering
and denudation, and sedimentary layers formed
by the products of biological and volcanic action
in situ or transported by external forces , And
rocks formed by diagenesis.
It is estimated to be carbonate rocks such as
limestone and dolomite, with calcite and
dolomite as rock-forming minerals (this is a
picture taken when traveling in the scenic area).
Part 2

11. Hard sandstone turbidite: calcareous
turbidite. It is composed of interbedded
clastic limestone and limestone. (Found on
the coastline)
Features: The coarser sand-graded
turbidites often have graded bedding. The
turbidite sandstone and siltstone sections
have no large and medium cross bedding
and no wave marks are preserved. The
bottom surface of the turbidite layer often
develops various undulating bottom surface
molds. The rock types of turbidite sandstone
are mostly hard sandstone with dark clay-
rich matrix, showing the characteristics of
deep water, turbidity and rapid deposition.
Part 2

12. Principle of Intrusive Relationships:
Magmatic rocks are intrusive into
sedimentary rocks, and it can be determined
determined that igneous rocks are younger
than sedimentary rocks.
There are many intrusive forms of magmatic
magmatic rocks: rock strains, rock caps, rock
foundations, rock beds, rock walls.
Large-scale intrusive dykes: Different
physical characteristics such as the
composition of dykes and surrounding
rocks have undergone differential erosion,
forming prominent dykes.
Part 3
From: Hong Kong Saigon Global Geopark
From：Orange Light Exploration

13. Unconformity surface: the lower light-colored rock
layer is the base, the dark-colored rock layer in the
middle is carbonaceous sedimentary rock, with clear
bedding, and the upper part is thick massive
sedimentary rock.
Unconformity: inclined rock formation in
the lower part, horizontal rock formation
in the upper part.
Part 3
From：Orange Light Exploration
From：Orange Light Exploration

14. The Tahoe basin： To the south, the basic characteristics of
intrusions gradually increased, and "calc-alkaline" gradually
became dominant; gabbro, diorite, serpentinite and anorthite,
various porphyries, and subsequent intrusions formed Different
granites. The most important mineral is metal, which is related
to the Cambrian to Ordovician volcanic sedimentary complex.
Southern Portugal is characterized by the existence of a
volcanic sedimentary complex from the Late Devonian to the
early Carboniferous, and the overlying carbonaceous shale flysch
flysch sequence: below this complex is the so-called “phyllite-
”Quartzite rock group“, the oldest structure in this area can be
traced back to the seventh day of the Devonian, belonging to
the ”Pulo de Lobo“ structure, which includes phyllite, quartzite
and scarce acidic and concentrated volcanic rocks. The acidic
volcanic rock in the volcanic sedimentary complex constitutes
the mineralization of massive metal sulfides, which is a
characteristic of the Iberian pyrite belt.
Part 4

15. Reference
[1] Zhijiu C , Yixin C , Xiaoyan Y . Granite landform characteristics, distribution and evolution patterns in
Huangshan Mt.[J]. Chinese ence Bulletin, 2009(23):4487-4499.
[2] Zou Huiyu, Li Zhi, Luo Shijia,. Study on Taxonomy of Pinus Huangshanensis[J]. Zhiwu Yanjiu, 2003.
[3] Nockolds S R , Allen R . The geochemistry of some igneous rock series[J]. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,
1954, 4(6):105-142.
[4] S.R. Taylor, S.M. McLennan. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution, An Examination of the
Geochemical Record Preserved in Sedimentary Rocks[M]// The continental crust : its composition and evolution :
an examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks. Blackwell Scientific Pub. 1985.
[5] George deVries Klein. Turbidite Sandstone Bodies[M]// Sandstone Depositional Models for Exploration for
Fossil Fuels. 1982.

16. Reference
[6] Chen Z .Hierarchy of intrusive rock units and tectonomagmatic evolution in sonid left banner,
inner Mongolia [J]. Regional Geology of CHINA,1999.
[7] Marko W T , Barnes C G , Yoshinobu A S , et al. Geology, geochemistry and emplacement
conditions of the Vega intrusive complex: an example of large-scale crustal anatexis in north-
central Norway[J]. Geological Society London Special Publications, 2014, 390(1):603-631.
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology
[9] https://www.placer.ca.gov/3590/Tahoe-Basin-Area-Plan
[10] https://geologyscience.com/methods-of-geology/unconformities/