grade 9 lithosphere

1. The Lithosphere

2. Lesson objectives
After this lesson, learners will be able to :
• Define lithosphere
• Differentiate between Earth’s layers.
• Identify different types of rocks
• Value the importance of the lithosphere

3. The Lithosphere
The lithosphere is considered the outer layer of the Earth.
It consists of all the mountains, rocks, stones, top soil and sand found
on the planet.
It also includes all the rocks under the sea and under the surface of
the Earth.
The lithosphere is found all around us and we interact quite closely
with it everyday.

4. Continue
OCEANIC: Which is associated with oceanic crust
and exists in the ocean basins.
Continental: This is associated with continental crust
(mountains, plateaus, plains).
The lithosphere is important because it provides us
forests, grasslands for grazing, land for agriculture
and human settlements and I also a rich source of
minerals.
Lithosphere is where the living things on Earth
thrive and strive.

5. Lithosphere

6. What is inside
the earth?
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

7. This how earth look like inside

8. There are three(3)
layers of the earth.
 Lithosphere is
considered as the outer
layer of the earth.
 Inside the earth there
are three layers.
 Namely; crust, mantle,
and core.
 Each layer is divided
into two.

9. Crust
 The earth’s outmost layer.
 The crust is made of solid rocks
and minerals
 0- 45 km
 Crust is divided into two;
 Oceanic crust
 Continental crust

10. Mantle
 Mantle is the mostly – solid bulk of the earth’s interior .
 45- 2900 km
 The mantle lies between Earth’s dense, super-heated
core and its thin outer layer crust.
 The mantle is about 2 900 km thick and makes up a
whopping 84% of Earth’s total volume.
 It is divided into two;
 The lower mantle
 The upper mantle

11. Core
 Earth’s core is the very hot, very
dense centre of our planet.
 2900- 6371 km
 The core has two parts;
 Inner core (solid);
 The temperature of the Earth’s
inner core is about the same
temperature as the surface of the
sun.
 Outer core ( liquid)

12. The Rock Cycle

13. The rock cycle
 The rock cycle is a natural continuous process in which
rocks form, are broken down and re-form again over long
periods of time.
 Wind, water, heat and cold cause the weathering of rocks
on the surface of the Earth. The rocks are broken up into
smaller and smaller pieces and form sand
 Wind and water wash the sand and small stones away
and deposit them as sediments into lakes and the ocean.
This process is called deposition.

14. Continue
 The sediments settle at the bottom of the oceans, lakes and
rivers. Over time they get covered with more layers of sediment.
The pressure from the additional layers causes the sediments to
compact and solidify to form sedimentary rock.
 The sedimentary rock may be buried deeper and deeper
beneath the surface of the Earth through movement in the Earth's
crust (where oceanic plates and continental plates meet). The
rocks can also be pushed deeper (subducted) into the Earth. As
the rocks move deeper into the Earth, temperature and pressure
increase.

15. CONTINUE
 Rocks become more compact as processes of compaction and
cementation occur. As the chemical compounds in the rocks
change, due to heat and pressure, metamorphic rock is formed.
 Over time the metamorphic rock can move deeper into the
Earth, melt and become magma.
 Magma moves towards the surface of the Earth through
volcanic pipes. The hot magma cools slowly on its way to the
surface and forms igneous rock. Magma can also break through
the surface as lava in volcanoes. In this case, the lava will
solidify quickly on the surface to form igneous rocks. Igneous
rock can form in the crust or on the surface.
 Igneous rocks get eroded by wind and water and the whole
process starts again.

16. Summary of
rock cycle

17. TYPES OF
ROCKS

18. THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF ROCKS
1. SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
2. METAMORPHIC
ROCK.
3. IGNEOUS ROCK.

19. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

20. -Sedimentary refers to “ small pieces”
-Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by
the deposition of small particles and organic particles on
the floor of oceans at the earth’s surface.
-They are made from other rocks , once living things and
the precipitates.
-Examples includes, limestone, sandstone, and shale.

21. METAMORPHI
C ROCKS
• They form when rocks are
substantially changed from their
original igneous, sedimentary, or
earlier metamorphic form.
• It is a type of rock which has been
changed by extreme heat and
pressure.
• They are often found in mountain
ranges.
• Examples includes, slate and
marble.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

22. IGNEOUS ROCK

23. -It is the type of rock that is formed through the
cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
- They are used in flooring, landscaping and
construction projects.
-Their examples includes granite, basalt etc.

25. CONCLUSION
Lithosphere is the outer part of the earth.
Upper portion of the mantle and the crust.
Rock cycle Rock formation
Heat causes expansion of rocks a cold causes contraction.
Types of rocks, Sedimentary(layered), metamorphic
(Sedimentary and Igneous) and igneous rocks(molten rock).

26. ASSESSMENT
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