Outline – Module 2
Homework Debrief
Seated Meditation
Exercise – Walking down the street, Jill and her mother
Automaticity
Cycles
Dealing with difficult feelings
Eating with awareness
The body Scan
Homework
The document outlines a design project exploring how design can help those with mixed religious practices in families continue daily food offerings without irritating relatives. It discusses the origins and inspirations of the project, including research on the religious practice of prasad where food plays an important role. It identifies the problem the design aims to address and lists criteria for the object, including being universal, minimalistic, and transportable. Sketches and research on masking and hiding in space are presented, with the main inspiration being a mirror surface.
The document provides an overview of an Electronic Vaccine Data System (EVDS) that has been developed to collect and provide patient, health establishment, vaccine, and safety information for monitoring vaccine uptake, coverage, and effectiveness studies. The EVDS will leverage existing systems and must support the collection of demographic information, doses received, health establishment, vaccine details, and adverse event reporting. It will allow for preregistration of health care workers and other recipients, with data prepopulated from existing databases. Vaccinators must be able to see dose details. The system will also link to laboratories to monitor effectiveness and include adverse event monitoring and reminder functions. Training objectives are listed to instruct vaccinators and administrators on using the system.
This document provides references for information related to heart health. It lists organizations like the Heart and Stroke Foundation South Africa and resources from Mayo Clinic on maintaining a healthy heart. The document expresses gratitude to readers at its conclusion.
Cholesterol screenings are available once per year at no additional cost for all beneficiaries aged 20 years and older as part of preventative benefits. Screenings can be accessed through onsite events scheduled by managers or via tariff codes at clinics and pharmacies.
Statins are the primary medication used to lower cholesterol and work by blocking cholesterol production in the liver. Other medications include bile acid sequestrants which bind bile acids in the digestive system, forcing the liver to use cholesterol to make more bile acids, and cholesterol absorption inhibitors which limit the absorption of dietary cholesterol. For people who cannot tolerate statins or who have very high cholesterol levels, newer injectable PCSK9 inhibitors can help lower LDL cholesterol. Additional medications may be prescribed for high triglycerides including fibrates to reduce triglyceride production and niacin, though it has risks. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements can also help lower triglycerides when prescribed by a doctor.
Normal cholesterol levels are: total cholesterol less than 5 mmol/L, LDL cholesterol less than 3 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol more than 1.2 mmol/L for women or 1.0 mmol/L for men, and fasting triglyceride levels less than 1.7 mmol/L. The document provides guidelines for normal cholesterol levels, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
People can reduce their cholesterol and maintain a healthy level through lifestyle changes like eating a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly for 30 minutes most days, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol, losing weight and managing stress. Making these lifestyle changes will decrease the risk of heart disease and heart attack.
A blood test called a lipid panel checks four measures of cholesterol and fats: total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. For the most accurate results, patients should fast for 8 to 12 hours before the blood sample is taken, drinking only water during that time. The lipid panel screening provides key health information about cholesterol and fat levels in the blood.
The document outlines a design project exploring how design can help those with mixed religious practices in families continue daily food offerings without irritating relatives. It discusses the origins and inspirations of the project, including research on the religious practice of prasad where food plays an important role. It identifies the problem the design aims to address and lists criteria for the object, including being universal, minimalistic, and transportable. Sketches and research on masking and hiding in space are presented, with the main inspiration being a mirror surface.
The document provides an overview of an Electronic Vaccine Data System (EVDS) that has been developed to collect and provide patient, health establishment, vaccine, and safety information for monitoring vaccine uptake, coverage, and effectiveness studies. The EVDS will leverage existing systems and must support the collection of demographic information, doses received, health establishment, vaccine details, and adverse event reporting. It will allow for preregistration of health care workers and other recipients, with data prepopulated from existing databases. Vaccinators must be able to see dose details. The system will also link to laboratories to monitor effectiveness and include adverse event monitoring and reminder functions. Training objectives are listed to instruct vaccinators and administrators on using the system.
This document provides references for information related to heart health. It lists organizations like the Heart and Stroke Foundation South Africa and resources from Mayo Clinic on maintaining a healthy heart. The document expresses gratitude to readers at its conclusion.
Cholesterol screenings are available once per year at no additional cost for all beneficiaries aged 20 years and older as part of preventative benefits. Screenings can be accessed through onsite events scheduled by managers or via tariff codes at clinics and pharmacies.
Statins are the primary medication used to lower cholesterol and work by blocking cholesterol production in the liver. Other medications include bile acid sequestrants which bind bile acids in the digestive system, forcing the liver to use cholesterol to make more bile acids, and cholesterol absorption inhibitors which limit the absorption of dietary cholesterol. For people who cannot tolerate statins or who have very high cholesterol levels, newer injectable PCSK9 inhibitors can help lower LDL cholesterol. Additional medications may be prescribed for high triglycerides including fibrates to reduce triglyceride production and niacin, though it has risks. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements can also help lower triglycerides when prescribed by a doctor.
Normal cholesterol levels are: total cholesterol less than 5 mmol/L, LDL cholesterol less than 3 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol more than 1.2 mmol/L for women or 1.0 mmol/L for men, and fasting triglyceride levels less than 1.7 mmol/L. The document provides guidelines for normal cholesterol levels, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
People can reduce their cholesterol and maintain a healthy level through lifestyle changes like eating a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly for 30 minutes most days, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol, losing weight and managing stress. Making these lifestyle changes will decrease the risk of heart disease and heart attack.
A blood test called a lipid panel checks four measures of cholesterol and fats: total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. For the most accurate results, patients should fast for 8 to 12 hours before the blood sample is taken, drinking only water during that time. The lipid panel screening provides key health information about cholesterol and fat levels in the blood.
High cholesterol can lead to a build-up of plaque in the arteries called atherosclerosis, which narrows and hardens arteries. This plaque can reduce blood flow and lead to complications like chest pain if the coronary arteries are affected, a heart attack if blood flow to the heart is completely blocked, or a stroke if a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain.
Inactivity, obesity, and an unhealthy diet can cause high cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol as these are factors within an individual's control. Genetic makeup may contribute to high cholesterol beyond one's control by making cells less efficient at removing LDL cholesterol or causing the liver to overproduce cholesterol.
Eating saturated and trans fats found in animal products and processed foods, as well as foods high in cholesterol like red meat and full-fat dairy, can raise cholesterol levels. Lack of exercise and obesity increase risk of high cholesterol, while exercise boosts good cholesterol and improves cholesterol particles. Smoking damages blood vessels and may lower good cholesterol, putting one at risk. Age, diabetes, and high blood sugar also increase cholesterol risks as the body changes over time.
Inactivity, obesity, and an unhealthy diet can cause high cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol as these are factors within an individual's control. Genetic makeup may contribute to high cholesterol beyond one's control by making cells less efficient at removing LDL cholesterol or causing the liver to overproduce cholesterol.
Cholesterol is essential for the body's functions but too much can increase heart disease risk. There are two types - LDL or "bad" cholesterol which raises risk when too high, and HDL or "good" cholesterol which helps remove LDL. High cholesterol can be inherited but is often caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices like diet and exercise habits, making it preventable and treatable through diet, exercise, and sometimes medication.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The World Health Organization provides resources on TB prevention, testing, treatment and care that focus on a patient-centered approach integrating HIV and TB services.
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the two most powerful first-line anti-TB drugs. It develops when TB medicines are used inappropriately or treatment is stopped prematurely. MDR-TB can be treated with second-line drugs over two years, but these are more expensive and toxic. Some cases become extensively drug-resistant TB which leaves few treatment options. All African countries except Seychelles have reported cases of MDR-TB, and 13 have reported extensively drug-resistant TB, but the diagnosis and treatment gap remains large.
34% of people living with HIV in the African Region were infected with TB in 2016. HIV greatly increases the risk of developing active TB disease, and the two diseases form a lethal combination that accelerates the other's progression. In 2016, 320,000 people in Africa died from HIV-associated TB. WHO recommends a 12 part approach including prevention and treatment actions to reduce deaths from the deadly combination of HIV and TB.
The document discusses two types of tests that can detect tuberculosis (TB) infection: the Mantoux tuberculin skin test and the TB blood test. The Mantoux test involves injecting tuberculin fluid into the arm and checking for a reaction 2-3 days later. The TB blood test measures the immune system's response to the TB germs.
1. The document discusses treating exposure and infection from tuberculosis (TB). If exposed to someone with latent TB infection, testing is not needed as the person cannot spread the infection. However, testing is recommended if exposed to someone with active TB disease or symptoms of TB.
2. A positive TB infection test only indicates exposure to the bacteria, not active TB disease, which requires further tests like a chest x-ray and sputum sample. Treatment for latent TB infection may be recommended for those at higher risk of developing active TB disease, such as people with HIV or recent exposure.
3. Active TB disease is treated with multiple drugs over 6-12 months, and it is important to take the full course as prescribed
Tuberculosis is spread through the air from one person to another. When someone with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings, they expel infectious respiratory fluids into the air. If another person inhales these fluids, they may become infected with the TB bacteria.
TB germs are spread through the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. These germs can remain in the air for several hours and be breathed in, causing a latent TB infection. People with latent TB have TB germs in their body but are not sick, while those with active TB disease are sick from multiplying germs destroying tissue and usually have symptoms. Treatment is prescribed to those with latent TB to prevent future disease and those with active TB disease to cure the illness and stop spread.
Symptoms of tuberculosis include general symptoms such as feelings of sickness, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Symptoms of TB in the lungs are coughing, chest pain and coughing up blood. Symptoms vary depending on which part of the body is affected.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that are spread through the air and usually affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. The document discusses understanding and treating TB by covering its symptoms, causes, how it is spread through exposure, testing for it, how it relates to HIV, treating exposure and multi-drug resistant forms of TB. It aims to provide information to help readers work towards a healthier lifestyle.
The document provides an overview of an employee induction training program at Healthi Choices. It includes information about:
- The agenda which covers HR paperwork, an introduction to the company, benefits, leave policies, health and safety protocols.
- An in-depth description of Healthi Choices, its infrastructure including call centers, technology, networks of professionals, and commitment to empowering minorities.
- The services Healthi Choices provides related to organizational wellbeing, employee wellness, medical scheme support, and affinity programs. It emphasizes engaging employees, enabling better choices and encouraging positive behavior change.
The document discusses common symptoms that may occur during pregnancy. Some early symptoms include missed periods, headaches, and spotting. As pregnancy progresses, women may experience weight gain, high blood pressure, heartburn, constipation, back pain, breast changes, acne, vomiting, and more. Many symptoms are due to hormonal changes. Not all women experience the same symptoms, and some can be caused by other conditions. A pregnancy test is needed to confirm.
This document discusses medication and supplement use during pregnancy. It advises that all drugs, including over-the-counter medications, should be discussed with a healthcare provider due to potential risks to the developing baby. While pregnant women need higher amounts of certain vitamins and minerals, supplements should only be taken after consulting a doctor to avoid potential toxicity or overdose. A prenatal vitamin can provide necessary nutrients but all product intake requires medical approval.
Most women experience an uncomplicated pregnancy with normal development of the baby. While pregnancy causes changes to a woman's body, these changes typically do not seriously impact health. Lifestyle choices like taking vitamins, getting enough sleep, practicing safe sex, getting flu shots and visiting the dentist can promote a healthy pregnancy, whereas smoking, drinking alcohol, eating unsafe foods, spending time in hot tubs and excessive weight gain can harm the baby's development.
This document discusses medical care during pregnancy and labor. It notes that most women in their 20s and 30s have low-risk pregnancies, while teens and women over 35 have higher risks. Underlying health conditions like diabetes or heart disease can also increase risks. Common pregnancy complications are discussed like high blood pressure and preterm labor. The document explains the stages of labor from early contractions to active labor when pain increases and the cervix dilates fully. Methods for managing pain during active labor are also summarized.
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa AjmanMalayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Our Spa Massage Center Ajman prioritizes efficiency to ensure a satisfying massage experience for our clients at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman. We offer a hassle-free appointment system, effective health issue identification, and precise massage techniques.
Our Spa in Ajman stands out for its effectiveness in enhancing wellness. Our therapists focus on treating the root cause of issues, providing tailored treatments for each client. We take pride in offering the most satisfying Pakistani Spa service, adjusting treatment plans based on client feedback.
For the most result-oriented Russian Spa treatment in Ajman, visit our Massage Center. Our Russian therapists are skilled in various techniques to address health concerns. Our body-to-body massage is efficient due to individualized care and high-grade massage oils.
High cholesterol can lead to a build-up of plaque in the arteries called atherosclerosis, which narrows and hardens arteries. This plaque can reduce blood flow and lead to complications like chest pain if the coronary arteries are affected, a heart attack if blood flow to the heart is completely blocked, or a stroke if a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain.
Inactivity, obesity, and an unhealthy diet can cause high cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol as these are factors within an individual's control. Genetic makeup may contribute to high cholesterol beyond one's control by making cells less efficient at removing LDL cholesterol or causing the liver to overproduce cholesterol.
Eating saturated and trans fats found in animal products and processed foods, as well as foods high in cholesterol like red meat and full-fat dairy, can raise cholesterol levels. Lack of exercise and obesity increase risk of high cholesterol, while exercise boosts good cholesterol and improves cholesterol particles. Smoking damages blood vessels and may lower good cholesterol, putting one at risk. Age, diabetes, and high blood sugar also increase cholesterol risks as the body changes over time.
Inactivity, obesity, and an unhealthy diet can cause high cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol as these are factors within an individual's control. Genetic makeup may contribute to high cholesterol beyond one's control by making cells less efficient at removing LDL cholesterol or causing the liver to overproduce cholesterol.
Cholesterol is essential for the body's functions but too much can increase heart disease risk. There are two types - LDL or "bad" cholesterol which raises risk when too high, and HDL or "good" cholesterol which helps remove LDL. High cholesterol can be inherited but is often caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices like diet and exercise habits, making it preventable and treatable through diet, exercise, and sometimes medication.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The World Health Organization provides resources on TB prevention, testing, treatment and care that focus on a patient-centered approach integrating HIV and TB services.
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the two most powerful first-line anti-TB drugs. It develops when TB medicines are used inappropriately or treatment is stopped prematurely. MDR-TB can be treated with second-line drugs over two years, but these are more expensive and toxic. Some cases become extensively drug-resistant TB which leaves few treatment options. All African countries except Seychelles have reported cases of MDR-TB, and 13 have reported extensively drug-resistant TB, but the diagnosis and treatment gap remains large.
34% of people living with HIV in the African Region were infected with TB in 2016. HIV greatly increases the risk of developing active TB disease, and the two diseases form a lethal combination that accelerates the other's progression. In 2016, 320,000 people in Africa died from HIV-associated TB. WHO recommends a 12 part approach including prevention and treatment actions to reduce deaths from the deadly combination of HIV and TB.
The document discusses two types of tests that can detect tuberculosis (TB) infection: the Mantoux tuberculin skin test and the TB blood test. The Mantoux test involves injecting tuberculin fluid into the arm and checking for a reaction 2-3 days later. The TB blood test measures the immune system's response to the TB germs.
1. The document discusses treating exposure and infection from tuberculosis (TB). If exposed to someone with latent TB infection, testing is not needed as the person cannot spread the infection. However, testing is recommended if exposed to someone with active TB disease or symptoms of TB.
2. A positive TB infection test only indicates exposure to the bacteria, not active TB disease, which requires further tests like a chest x-ray and sputum sample. Treatment for latent TB infection may be recommended for those at higher risk of developing active TB disease, such as people with HIV or recent exposure.
3. Active TB disease is treated with multiple drugs over 6-12 months, and it is important to take the full course as prescribed
Tuberculosis is spread through the air from one person to another. When someone with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings, they expel infectious respiratory fluids into the air. If another person inhales these fluids, they may become infected with the TB bacteria.
TB germs are spread through the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. These germs can remain in the air for several hours and be breathed in, causing a latent TB infection. People with latent TB have TB germs in their body but are not sick, while those with active TB disease are sick from multiplying germs destroying tissue and usually have symptoms. Treatment is prescribed to those with latent TB to prevent future disease and those with active TB disease to cure the illness and stop spread.
Symptoms of tuberculosis include general symptoms such as feelings of sickness, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Symptoms of TB in the lungs are coughing, chest pain and coughing up blood. Symptoms vary depending on which part of the body is affected.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that are spread through the air and usually affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. The document discusses understanding and treating TB by covering its symptoms, causes, how it is spread through exposure, testing for it, how it relates to HIV, treating exposure and multi-drug resistant forms of TB. It aims to provide information to help readers work towards a healthier lifestyle.
The document provides an overview of an employee induction training program at Healthi Choices. It includes information about:
- The agenda which covers HR paperwork, an introduction to the company, benefits, leave policies, health and safety protocols.
- An in-depth description of Healthi Choices, its infrastructure including call centers, technology, networks of professionals, and commitment to empowering minorities.
- The services Healthi Choices provides related to organizational wellbeing, employee wellness, medical scheme support, and affinity programs. It emphasizes engaging employees, enabling better choices and encouraging positive behavior change.
The document discusses common symptoms that may occur during pregnancy. Some early symptoms include missed periods, headaches, and spotting. As pregnancy progresses, women may experience weight gain, high blood pressure, heartburn, constipation, back pain, breast changes, acne, vomiting, and more. Many symptoms are due to hormonal changes. Not all women experience the same symptoms, and some can be caused by other conditions. A pregnancy test is needed to confirm.
This document discusses medication and supplement use during pregnancy. It advises that all drugs, including over-the-counter medications, should be discussed with a healthcare provider due to potential risks to the developing baby. While pregnant women need higher amounts of certain vitamins and minerals, supplements should only be taken after consulting a doctor to avoid potential toxicity or overdose. A prenatal vitamin can provide necessary nutrients but all product intake requires medical approval.
Most women experience an uncomplicated pregnancy with normal development of the baby. While pregnancy causes changes to a woman's body, these changes typically do not seriously impact health. Lifestyle choices like taking vitamins, getting enough sleep, practicing safe sex, getting flu shots and visiting the dentist can promote a healthy pregnancy, whereas smoking, drinking alcohol, eating unsafe foods, spending time in hot tubs and excessive weight gain can harm the baby's development.
This document discusses medical care during pregnancy and labor. It notes that most women in their 20s and 30s have low-risk pregnancies, while teens and women over 35 have higher risks. Underlying health conditions like diabetes or heart disease can also increase risks. Common pregnancy complications are discussed like high blood pressure and preterm labor. The document explains the stages of labor from early contractions to active labor when pain increases and the cervix dilates fully. Methods for managing pain during active labor are also summarized.
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa AjmanMalayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Our Spa Massage Center Ajman prioritizes efficiency to ensure a satisfying massage experience for our clients at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman. We offer a hassle-free appointment system, effective health issue identification, and precise massage techniques.
Our Spa in Ajman stands out for its effectiveness in enhancing wellness. Our therapists focus on treating the root cause of issues, providing tailored treatments for each client. We take pride in offering the most satisfying Pakistani Spa service, adjusting treatment plans based on client feedback.
For the most result-oriented Russian Spa treatment in Ajman, visit our Massage Center. Our Russian therapists are skilled in various techniques to address health concerns. Our body-to-body massage is efficient due to individualized care and high-grade massage oils.
Sectional dentures for microstomia patients.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
The story of Dr. Ranjit Jagtap's daughters is more than a tale of inherited responsibility; it's a narrative of passion, innovation, and unwavering commitment to a cause greater than oneself. In Poulami and Aditi Jagtap, we see the beautiful continuum of a father's dream and the limitless potential of compassion-driven healthcare.
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdfVedanta A
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
More@: https://tinyurl.com/2shrryhx
More@: https://tinyurl.com/5n8h3wp8
Malayali Kerala Spa in Ajman, one among the top rated massage centre in ajman, welcomes you to experience high quality massage services from massage staffs from all ove rthe world! Being the best spa massage service providers, we take pride in offering traditional massage services of different countries, like
Indian Massage, Kerala Massage, Thai Massage, Pakistani Massage, Russian Massage etc
If you are seeking relaxation, pain relief, or wellness experience, our ajman spa is here for your unique needs and concerns. The services of our experienced therapists, and personalized attention will ensure that each visit will be memorable for you.
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As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Healthaghedogodday
This is a presentation on the overview of the role of monitoring and evaluation in public health. It describes the various components and how a robust M&E system can possitively impact the results or effectiveness of a public health intervention.