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Project Study Design
1. Study Design: Planning New Projects for
Different Types of Monitoring
Meiyin Wu, PhD
Director, Passaic River Institute
Professor, Department of Biology
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
2. What Should We Study?
• What are other associations doing?
• That is cool!
• What does EPA/NJDEP recommend?
• Do we have enough volunteers to do it?
• Can we afford it?
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
4. Goal Driven Study
• Identify study questions/problems
• What do you wish to know?
• What do you want to protect?
• Determine study goals/objectives
• What data do you need to answer your questions?
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
5. Data Driven Study Design
In order to answer the question,
• What should samples be analyzed for?
• When should samples be collected?
• Where should samples be collected from?
• How many samples should be collected?
• What depth should samples be collected at?
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
6. Data Driven Study Design
• Who will conduct the analysis?
• How should samples be collected?
• How should samples be preserved?
• What are your data quality objectives?
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
7. Data Driven Study Design
• How to pay for it?
• Do you have a specific problem to clearly
communicate with stakeholders?
• How can cost savings be incorporated
into the sampling approach?
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
8. All Data for One Goal
• Understand the status and trend of your
ecosystem
• Determine whether or not restoration/
management will be needed
• Generate enough data to make data-driven
management decisions
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
9. Study Site Selection
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
Sampling locations:
– Grid
– Transact
– Random
– Area of concern
– Historical importance
10. Study Site Selection
Site specific considerations:
– Adjacent to the point of discharge
– Topographically down gradient
– Sediment depositional area
– Locations of outlets/tributaries
– Under tidal influence?
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
11. Study Site Selection
Consider target pollution migration pathways
– Groundwater transport (sand, clay, silt)
– Stormwater runoffs (topography, particle size)
– Man-made structures (ditches, dikes, canals)
– Food chain transfer
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
12. Study Site Selection
• Understand characteristics of your target pollution
– Volatile?
– Sediment binding?
– Water soluble?
– Bioaccumulate?
– Biomagnify?
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
13. Study Design & QAPP
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
Align work plan and sampling/analysis plan
with quality assurance project plan (QAPP).
If use a lab,
• Understand the lab’s QC processes
• Make sure the lab understand your QC goals
• Expect differences in laboratory practices and
accuracy. Clearly document the changes
while switching labs.
14. Study Design & QAPP
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
Specify:
– Equipment to be used
– Equipment calibration
– Field duplicates
– Number of blanks, QC samples, replicates, check
standards, detection limits, and reference materials.
– Sample management (field and lab chain of custody,
sample shelf life and preservation, etc.)
– Data acceptance criteria (>90% completeness)
– Data QC and management
15. Data Analysis
• Sample along gradients
– Topographic gradient (i.e. along a river)
– Gradient of anthropogenic influence
– Bedrock/sediment grain size gradient
• What to compare with?
– Control sites
– Reference locations
– True natural background
– Use your professional judgment
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
16. What happen when something goes wrong?
• Prepare for the worst
• Have a contingency plan
• Collect additional samples
• Reconnaissance to make sure sampling plan will work
• Identify access points
• Identify potential health and safety hazards
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
19. What happen when something goes wrong?
• Perform a dry run
• Do field verification within short time frame of actual
sampling
– Climate/weather (rain and drought)
– Access location during/after a flood
– Tidal cycles
– Wind patterns
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
20. Data Driven Management Decision
• Use all available data
• Desktop vs. laboratory vs. field
• Statistical consideration
– Hypothesis testing
– Sample size
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
21. Data Driven Management Decision
• How well did the sample represent the conditions?
• Clearly document and use field notes in the evaluation
• Consider strengths and weaknesses of various pieces of
information
• Include both qualitative and quantitative aspects
• Make a decision among competing alternatives
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
22. Restore or Not?
• Cost Benefit Analysis
• Does the pollution affect the health of the aquatic
community?
– Example: Is there a difference in benthic community compared to
upstream locations?
– Example: Is toxicity observed in biota?
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
23. You are not alone!
• Agencies are available to provide guidance
• Equipment loan programs
• Universities can serve as resources
Passaic River Institute pri@mail.montclair.edu 973-655-5423
Meiyin Wu
Director, Passaic River Institute
Montclair State University
wum@mail.montclair.edu
973-655-7117