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ITエンジニアのための機械学習理論入門
第7章:
EMアルゴリズム
2017.1.12 機械学習勉強会
Wataru Endo
はじめに
 7章のEMアルゴリズムの記載内容はあまり良
くない(と思う)
 ごにょごにょ書いているけどp.195あたりが肝
 他の文献やSlideshareを当たった方が無難
 http://www.slideshare.net/sotetsukoyamada/em
-36315279
 とか
EMアルゴリズムとは
expectation-maximization algorithm
 ひとことで言うと?
 尤度関数を最大化するパラメータを計算する際、
対数尤度関数に変換しても、うまく求めることが
できない場合に用いることができる手法で、
EステップとMステップを交互に繰り返すもの
 乱暴に言うとk平均法に最尤推定を混ぜた感じ
 対数尤度関数に変換しても求められない場合
とは
 複数の確率分布が混ざってる場合
 混合分布(7.2.1)
 他にもあるかも
0, 3, 6, 8
EMアルゴリズムのステップ
1. パラメータを初期化
2. Eステップ
 負担率 𝛾 𝑛𝑘 (7.15) を計算する
3. Mステップ
 負担率を使用してパラメータを計算 (7.16)(7.17)
4. 対数尤度を計算 (7.13)
直観的な理解
 負担率を計算して、重心を求めて、負担率を計算して…
 PRML9章より引用
付録:3章最尤推定法より
最尤推定法とは
(さいゆうすいていほう : Maximum Likelihood Estimation)
 ひとことで言うと?
 あるデータが得られる確率を推定し、
特徴変数と目的変数の関数関係を説明できる、
もっとも良いパラメータを設定する方法のこと
 最小二乗法とは何が違う?
 最小二乗法では、誤差を最小にすることで、
もっとも良いパラメータを見つけた
 誤差は誤差関数として定義した
 最尤推定法では、尤度を最大にすることで、
もっとも良いパラメータを見つける
 尤度は尤度関数として定義する
 最尤推定は何が嬉しい?
 「どの程度の範囲で外れそうか?」が分かる
式(3.2)と(3.3)の図
尤度関数
(ゆうどかんすう Likelihood function)
 トレーニングセットに含まれるデータが得られる
確率を計算し、尤度関数を求める
 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑛を代入すると次式が得られる
 𝑁 𝑡 𝑛|𝑓(𝑥 𝑛), 𝜎2
=
1
2𝜋𝜎2
𝑒
−
1
2𝜎2(𝑡 𝑛−𝑓(𝑥 𝑛))2
(3.7)
 すべての観測点 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛=1
𝑁
について考えると、トレーニ
ングセット 𝑥 𝑛, 𝑡 𝑛 𝑛=1
𝑁
それぞれの確率の積になる
 𝑃 = 𝑁 𝑡1 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝜎2 × ⋯ × 𝑁 𝑡 𝑁 𝑓 𝑥 𝑁 , 𝜎2
= 𝑛=1
𝑁
𝑁(𝑡 𝑛|𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝜎2
) (3.8)
 ↑これが尤度関数
パラメータを入力とし、トレーニングセットのデータが得ら
れる確率が出力される関数ととらえることができる
End Of Document.

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機械学習理論入門 7章 emアルゴリズム_遠藤