1. Emerging Technologies –
3D Printing and its evolution:
Why it will change how everything gets made.
PRINT3D @ NYU
Presented to the students of
NYU and Columbia by
Walter Hans Jaeger
2. What will we discuss?
• Origins
• Printing Technologies
• Materials
• How it works
• Standards
• 3D Scanning
• The Future
3. All the cool kids are doing it!
• The personal computer revolution
happened at clubs just like this, by
students about your age.
• This is something you can positively make
an impact on as a hobbyist.
“What the smartest people do on the
weekend is what everyone else will do
during the week in ten years” --Chris Dixon
6. “From the get go, I imagined that 3D printing
would significantly change design and
manufacturing as we know it, but I could not
have anticipated the profound impact the
technology would have on everything in our
lives. It is both humbling and exhilarating to
be apart of this incredible transformation.”
-- Chuck Hull
8. “If RepRap’s successful, a number of
changes may well happen in society…
When they want something it’ll simply be a
question of downloading it… no transport
involved except for the raw materials, which
have to be transported anyway of course,
and thus we have short circuited a large part
of the conventional supply chain for material
goods to individuals.”
--Adrian Boyer
10. “Pretending you know what you’re doing
is almost the same as knowing what you
are doing, so just accept that you know
what you’re doing even if you don’t and
do it.”
-- Bre Pettis
11. History
• The earliest 3D Printers were created in
the 80s as a method of rapid prototyping
• The print matrix / structure created was
much worse than the cheapest printers
today. Models would frequently fall apart.
• Before this, prototypes would have been
milled – “Subtractive Manufacturing”
• 3D Printing was called then called
“Additive Manufacturing”
13. Stereolithography (SLA)
• Container of Liquid
photopolymer resin
• Laser or UV Light (DLP)
cure layers subsequently.
• The finished product is
cured polymer.
- SLA was invented by 3D Systems in 1986.
14. Laser Sintering (SLS)
• A powdered media of glass, plastic, or
metal is used.
• Uses high-energy laser pulses.
• Typically does not need “support fills”
15. Fused Filament Fabrication
• Invented by Stratasys (FDM).
• RepRap used this after patent expired.
• Cheap materials, can be very durable.
• Feeds filament through heated extruder.
16. Jet Material Manufacturing
• Uses light cured plastic.
• UV Light cures between layers.
• Sheets are laminated to each other.
• Objects can be made very tough.
• End result can be multicolor (beautiful)!
17. Materials used in 3D Printing
• Plastics
• Elastomeric Plastic (Rubberized)
• Nylons
• Alloyed Metals
• Frosted Glass
• Sandstone / Silica
• Wood / cellulose
• Sugar and Food Additives
18. Materials
When it comes to 3D printer material, there
is no “best” material – only the right material
for the project.
--3dmakers.com
23. Frosted Glass
• Silica Powder or glass beads with a
polymeric binder.
• Requires a furnace / kiln to bake away the
binding agent.
• Usually Glazed afterwards for looks and
long-term durability.
24. Sandstone and Cellulose
• Sandstone tends to be brittle, so it’s
treated with cyanoacrylate (superglue)
after printing.
• Wood Cellulose with a polymer binder.
26. Foods
• Fundamentally, printing corn starch (PLA),
is not that different from printing sugar and
starch.
• This makes 3D Printing an ideal candidate
for making and decorating cakes, specially
designed foods, etc.
28. How does it work?
• A 3D Model is converted into STL/OBJ
• That file is then “Sliced” into layers.
• Gcode or proprietary sliced file created.
• The operator examines the file.
• The 3D Printer prepares the medium.
• The additive manufacturing process works
until all layers are finished.
29. Hierarchy of Files
• 3D Drawing (Maya, Solidworks, 3D CAD)
• Exported to Standard Tessellation
Language (STL – Portable)
• Sliced to Gcode (fairly machine specific)
30. What makes up a 3D Printer?
• Some kind of rigid frame / container.
• Moveable Axes.
• A supply of material.
• Either, an extruder (or) a curing laser.
• A flat surface for a printbed.
• A print controller board w/ stepper drivers.
• Embedded controls / hardware interface.
31. What is an extruder?
The Extruder is what “makes” the design,
they consist of:
• A stepper controller that feeds filament
• A heated nozzle that maintains
temperature to keep the filament material
in a liquid state.
• Sensors (thermistors) that report back to
the control board.
32. So how does it move?
• Belts, screws, or other methods may move
the bed, the extruder, or both.
• 3D Printers may used software imposed
limits, but hardware “endstops” are
frequently used to simplify this.
Example:
goto x=0, y=0, z=0 (or)
x=max, y=max, z=max
33. What are some examples of
commercial software?
• Autodesk Maya
• Rhinocerus 3D (Rhino)
• Pixologic Zbrush
• Dassault Systems SolidWorks
• Autodesk Inventor / Fusion 360
• Gemvision Matrix
• Simplify 3D
34. What are some examples of
open source software?
• Blender
• Meshlab
• Archimedes
• Repetier Host
• ReplicatorG
35. Standards
• The only standards so far are for file
formats:
STL: Stereolithography
OBJ: 3D Object
• There are no other standards yet, but a
number of organizations are working on
them.
36. Commercial Printers ($$$)
• 3D Systems (Hull’s Company)
• Stratasys (owns Makerbot)
• Hewlett Packard (new multijet)
37. Easiest Hobbyist Level 3D
Printers
• Makerbot Replicator
• Flashforge Creator Pro
• Lulzbot Taz Series
38. Open Source DIY
• Prusa MK Series
• Lulzbot Taz
• Ordbot Hadron
• PrintrBot
• MendelMax 3
39. Just want to print a file?
• Materialise
• Shapeways
• Staples
• 3D Hubs
40. 3D Scanning
• MobileFusion / 123D Catch
• Open Source – FabScan (DIY)
• Cubify Sense / Structure Sensor
• Kinect (OSL + MSKDT)
41. How does 3D Scanning work?
• An object is put stationary in front of a
camera and a synchronized laser (some
systems use Infrared data too)
• The object is very slowly rotated 360
degrees sequentially or the camera
moves. “Noise” helps the result.
• The resulting scan will need to be cleaned
up and turned into an STL file.
44. The Future
In five years, it is likely 3D Printing will be
available in Big Box Hardware stores.
There will be a database to pull designs
from, direct from the manufacturer.
Medical devices will take days, rather than
weeks to manufacture.
Everything will be infinitely more
customizeable, for a price that’s very small.
46. That’s all folks!
Thanks for coming!
A Presentation on 3D Printing / Rapid
Prototyping given to Print3D @ NYU.
for
Students of NYU and Columbia University.
By: Walt Jaeger
