This document discusses how corruption is caused by various economic, political, social, and cultural factors and is entrenched in governance systems and institutions. It also examines how corruption negatively impacts macroeconomic growth, public services, inequality, and can potentially lead to conflict, though in some cases it has played a stabilizing role. The document evaluates literature on understanding the costs of corruption and the most effective strategies for reducing it.
2. What are the circumstances that promote corruption?
How much does it cost, and what are the best strategies
to stop it? This essay evaluates the available corruption
literature.
3. It points out that corruption is caused by economic,
political, administrative, social, and cultural issues and
is a symptom of governance dynamics and institutional
quality. Corruption's systematic and social nature makes
it entrenched and challenging to address. Democracy
does not automatically result in less crime.
4. Women are not inherently more prone to corruption
than males in terms of the gender elements of it. Wajid
khan discusses women participating more actively in
politics, and political processes do not eliminate crime.
5. The following are some ways
that corruption affects growth
and development.
6. A cause and outcome of corruption can be a lack of
confidence, diminished legitimacy, and lack of trust in
public institutions.
7. It needs to be clarified how corruption affects
macroeconomic growth.
8. The provision of essential services and inequality are
negatively impacted by corruption, with the poor
disproportionately affected.
9. The link between corruption and fragility is complex;
it can lead to conflict but has also played a
significant stabilizing role in some contexts.