3. Definition
Greek - "dia-", thoroughly +
"ourein", to urinate = to urinate thoroughly
Diuretics are the drugs which increase the rate
of urine formation causing a net loss of
solute (mainly NaCl) along with equivalent
volume of water, by interfering with
transport mechanism responsible for the
reabsorption of solutes from various
segments of the nephron.
4. *
These are drugs which cause a net loss of
Na+ and water in urine
There are several categories of diuretics.
All diuretics increases the excretion of
water from body
NATRIURETICS: Substance that promotes
the renal excretion of Na+
5. a. Edema, CHF, pregnancy & nutritional
b. Nephrotic syndrome
c. Diabetes insipidus
d. Hypertension
e. Cirrhosis of liver
f. And also lower the intracellular and CSF
pressure.
Diuretics are very effective in the treatment
of :
6. •KIDNEY:
>Weight-0.5% of body,
>Receive 25% of cardiac output (50 times)
>Each kidney contain 1.3 million nephron
• KIDNEY FUNCTIONS:
>Balance of electrolytes,Plasma volume, Acid
–base
>Activation of vitamin D
>Synthesis of Erythropoietin,Urokinase
>Excretion of Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine etc.
7. •Tubular reaborption:
>Reabsorption of 99% of glomerular filtrate-
only ±1 ml/min excreted as urine
>1.5L/day of urine
• Glomerular filtration:
>Receive 25% of cardiac output
>Filtration rate: 100-120 ml/minute
>180 L of glomerular filtrate/day
• Tubular secretion
8.
9.
10.
11. • Proximal tubules:
>Reabsorption of 60-70% Na+
>Permeable to water– isotonic urine
>Active absorption of Nacl,NaHCO3,glucose,amino
acids, organic solutes
• Loop of Henle:
>Thin descending limb: most active water
reabsorption
>Thick ascending limb: reabsorption of Na+,
impermeable to water
12. • Distal Tubule:
>Na+ reabsorption
>Calcium excretion is regulated
• Collecting duct:
>Selectively water permeable
21. Loop diuretics are active on loop of henle(thick
ascending limb)
FUROSEMIDE(FRUSEMIDE)
It is a prototype drug
It is a sulfonamide derivative
It is the most powerful diuretics
22. Mechanism of action
FUROSEMIDE
Enter proximal tubule via organic acid
transporter
It blocks the Na+ K+ 2Cl- cotransport in the
thick asending limb
Competes with Cl- binding site
Enhances the Mg2+,Ca2+,K+&H+ excretion
23. It inhibits NaCl- reabsorption in the thick
ascending limb
It inhibits reabsorption of ~25% of glomerular
filtrate
24. Pharmacokinetics
• Furosemide are administered orally
• Furosemide and other loop diuretics are
rapidly and almost completely absorbed
• They are extensively bound to plasma
proteins
• They are partly metabolized in the liver and
the metabolites are excreted by urine
Adverse effects
• Hypokalaemia
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Hyponatraemia
• Hyperuricaemia
25. • Ototoxicity
• Hypomagnesaemia
• Hypocalcaemia
Therapeutic uses
• They are highly effective for the relief of
oedema of all origins like cardiac, hepatic or
renal oedema
• Used for the treatment of acute renal failure
• Furosemide is used as an alternative to or in
combination with osmotic diuretics
• Used for the treatment of hypertension,
hypercalcaemia and hyperkalaemia
26. Drug interactions
• It may increase the ototoxic potential of
aminoglycoside antibiotics, especially in
the presence of impaired renal function
• Furosemide combined with angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitor thus may
lead to severe hypotention
Contraindication
• Pronounced hyponatremia and anuria
27. Thiazide diuretics are active in distal
convoluted tubule
Thiazide are medium efficacy diuretics
Chlorothiazide was the first thiazide to be
synthesized
All thiazide have a sulfonamide group
28. Mechanism of action
THIAZIDES
Reach distal convoluted tubule
Bind to and block Na+ Cl- symport system
Increase the excretion of Na+ Cl-
Also increase the excretion of K+ and Mg2+
Decrease the excretion of Ca2+ and uric acid
29.
30. Pharmacokinetics
Thiazide are well absorbed after oral
administration
Rapid acting with in 60 minutes
Duration of action varies from 6-48 hours
They are excreted in urine
Adverse effects
Hypokalaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hyperuricaemia
Hyponatraemia
31. Hypercalcaemiae
Fatigue
Anorexia
GI disturbances
Allergic reactions
Therapeutic uses
Thiazides are the first line drugs for
treatment of hypertension
They are used for treatment of CHF
Hypercalciuria with renal stones can be
treated with thiazides which reduce calcium
excretion
Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
32. Drug interaction
• It combine with digitalis glycosides ,they
induce the hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia
and cause digitalis toxicity
• It combines with lithium and decrease the
lithium clearance and cause lithium toxicity
Contraindication
• It is contraindicated in pregnancy, they may
reduce the maternal uterine blood flow
• It is also contraindicated in diabetes
pregnant women
33. They are active in proximal tubule
They are limited uses of diuretics
ACETAZOLAMIDE
It is a prototype drug
It is a sulfonamide
derivative
34. Mechanism of action
ACETAZOLAMIDE
Bind to and inhibits enzymes carbonic anhydrase
Blocks NaHCO3- reabsorption
Increases the excretion of Na+, K+, HCO3- and
water
35.
36. Pharmacokinetics
Acetazolamide is well absorbed orally
Onset of action is with in 60-90 minutes
Duration of action is 8-12 hour
It is excreted in unchanged urine
Adverse effects
Metabolic acidosis
Hypokalaemia
Drowsiness
Paraesthesia(pain due to pins & needles
under the skin)
Skin rashes
37. Therapeutic uses
Acetazolamide decrease the intraocular
pressure, hence used to treat glaucoma
Used to alkalinize the urine
Acetazolamide is used mainly as
prophylactic agent in acute mountain
sickness
Acetazolamide is used as an adjuvant in
epilepsy
38. Drug interaction
• It combined with warfarin which
decrease the metabolism rate
• It combined with 2,4 thiazolidinedione
which decrease the excretion rate
Contraindication
• It is contraindicated in situation in which
sodium or potassium blood serum levels
are depressed ,in cases of liver disease
39. Potassium sparing diuretics may act by two
ways
Aldosterone antagonists
Spironolactone
Inhibitors of renal epithial Na+
channel
Triamterene
Amiloride
40. Mechanism of action
SPIRONOLACTONE
Enter the cell and bind to specific
mineralocorticoid receptor(MR) in DT and CD
cells
Inhibit action of aldosterone
Increases the Na+ and water excretion,
decreases the K+ loss
41. AMILORIDE/TRIAMTERENE
They block the Na+ transport through the
sodium channels in the luminal membrane
Increases the Na+ and water excretion ,
decreases the K+ loss
42.
43. Pharmacokinetics
spironolactone
Orally administered
It is highly bound to plasma proteins
Completely metabolized in liver, converted
to active metabolites
Amiloride
Oral administration, 50% effective
not metabolized
not bound to plasma proteins
44. Triamterene
It is incompletely absorbed orally
Partly bound to plasma proteins
Largely metabolized in liver to an active
metabolite and excreted in urine
Adverse effects
Spironolactone
Hyperkalaemia
Drowsiness
Confusion
Gynaecomastia
Hirsutism
46. Therapeutic uses
Potassium sparing diuretics are used with
thiazides/loop diuretics for treatment of
hypertension
The combination therapy increases the
diuretics and antihypertensive effect
They are used to treat cirrhosis and CHF
To counteract K+ loss due to thiazide and
loop diuretics
47. Drug interaction
• It interact with lithium , that may increase
the level of potassium in the blood
• It also interact with ACE inhibitor, digoxin
and steroids like prednisone
Contraindications
• It contraindicated in the patients with
hyperkalemia, Addison's disease
48. Osmotic diuretics are not interact with receptors
or directly block the renal transport
Activity dependent on development of osmotic
pressure
MANNITOL
It is a prototype drug
It is pharmacologically inert ,so
can be given in large quantities
sufficient to rise osmolarity of
plasma and tubular fluid
49. Mechanism of action
MANNITOL
Increases osmolarity of plasma
Shift of fluid(osmotic effect) from the
intracellular compartment(ICC) to extracellular
fluid(ECF)
Expansion of ECF volume
Increases glomerular filtration rate, mannitol
is freely filtered at the glomerulus
50. Increases osmolarity of tubular fluid
Inhibits reabsorption of water and
NaCl-
The net effect is increased urinary excretion of
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and CL-
51. Pharmacokinetics
Mannitol is administered intravenously
It is neither metabolized in the body nor
reabsorbed from the renal tubules
It is pharmacologically inert and is freely
filtered at the glomerulus
Adverse effects
Hyponatraemia
Pulmonary oedema
Headache
Nausea
vomiting
52. Therapeutic uses
It is used to reduce the elevated intracranial
tension following head injury or tumour
It is used both pre and post-operatively to
reduce the elevated IOP in acute congestive
glaucoma
Mannitol is used to produce diuresis in case
of poisoning
Mannitol is used to prevent acute renal
shutdown in shock, cardiovascular surgery,
haemolytic transfusion reactions ect..
53. Drug interaction
• It interact with depression medications like
Effexor and Lexapro
• It also interact with diabetes drug like
TANZEUM
Contraindications
• Anuria
• Pulmonary edema
• Severe dehydration
• Intracranial haemorrhage
54. Essential of medical pharmacology by KD
Tripathi 7th edition.
Text book Pharmacology by padmaja
udaykumar.
https://youtu.be/NzdvoGZquIk
https://youtu.be/oh0nAyW5r5Y