Psychology is the study of mind and behavior in humans and non -humans.

1. DR VANDANA GAUR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

2. • The Roots of Psychology
• The word psychology was formed by combining the
Greek psychē (meaning “breath, principle of life, life,
soul,”) with –logia (which comes from the Greek logos,
meaning “speech, word, reason”). An early use appears
in Nicholas Culpeper’s mid-17th century translation of
Simeon Partliz’s A New Method of Physick, in which it is
stated that “Psychology is the knowledge of the Soul.”
Today, psychology is concerned with the science or
study of the mind and behavior. Many branches of
psychology are differentiated by the specific field to
which they belong, such as animal psychology, child
psychology, and sports psychology.

8. Development of Psychology in India
• Indian philosophical tradition is rich in
explaining mental processes and human
consciousness, the self, the mind-body
connection and a number of mental
function like; cognition, perception,
illusion, attention and logic. In India even
deep philosophical roots could not
influence the development of modern
psychology.

9. Continued……
• The modern era of Indian Psychology begin in
Philosophy department of Calcutta University in
1915. Where the first course of experimental
psychology was introduced and first psychology
laboratory was established. First psychology
department was started in 1916 in Calcutta
university and in 1938, first applied psychology
department was started. Prof N.N Sengupta, who
was trained in Wundt experimental tradition was
highly influenced by him, was the faculty

10. Continued…..
• In 1922, Prof Girindra Shekhar became the Head of
Department who was trained in the field of
psychoanalysis by Freud. Prof. Bose established
“Indian psychoanalytic Society” in the year 1922. In
the year 1924 “Indian Psychological Association”
was established. In 1938, branch of applied
psychology was opened in psychology Department
of Calcutta University. Later, primary centers for
teaching and research were opened at Mysore
University and Patna University.

11. Continued….
• During 1960’s in various universities in India. The
department of psychology were established.
Thereafter, psychology moved away from the
premises of university to various institutions such as
Management Institute, Education Institute, Defence
Services and so on, role of psychologist entered in
these areas also. Durganand Sinha in the year 1986,
in his book “Psychology in a third world country:
The Indian Experience” searched the four stages of
the history of modern psychology as a part of Social
Sciences in India. Therefore, the application of
psychology in India in many business sectors can be
seen:

13. QUESIONNAIRE METHOD
Questionnaires are a written self-report technique where
participants are given a pre-set number of questions to
respond to. They can be administered in person, by
post, online, over the telephone, or to a group of
participants simultaneously.
• Question format can be:
• Closed questions – where there is a pre-determined set
of answers to choose from
– e.g. ‘Do you exercise?’ may have set responses of ‘yes/no’, or
‘I exercise 0/1/2/3+ times a week’)
• Open questions – where there is no restriction on how
participants make their response
– e.g. ‘How does the sight of seeing dogs in a public place
without a lead make you feel?’

14. INTERVIEW METHOD
• The word "interview" refers to a one-on- one conversation
with one person acting in the role of the interviewer and the
other in the role of the interviewee
• Good & Hatt: Interview is a process of social interaction
between interviewer and interviewee
• Kerlinger: A face to face interpersonal situation in which one
ask questions from the other to get answer about a social
problem.
• TYPE OF INTERVIEW-
1- Structured- The questions are predetermined in both topic and
order
2- Semi-structured-A few questions are predetermined, but other
questions aren’t planned.
3- Unstructured-None of the questions are predetermined.

15. Continued….
• Merits of interview- Useful to obtain detailed
information about personal feelings, perceptions and
opinions Usually achieve a high response rate
Respondents' own words are recorded Interviewees
are not influenced by others Enable teacher to tackle
everyday classroom problems Superior data collecting
device Creates friendly atmosphere.
• Demerits of interview- This method is very time-
consuming for setting up, interviewing, transcribing,
analyzing, feedback, reporting .It can be costly .
Different interviewers may understand and transcribe
interviews in different ways. Preplanning is important
.i.e.)to know who you are going to interview, when and
where. It is subjective and artificial .Interpretation is
difficult.

16. OBSERVATION METHOD
• Observation is one method for collecting data. It
involves watching a participant and recording
relevant behavior for later analysis. It is a powerful
tool of psychological inquiry.
• Stages of Observation
1- Selection- Selecting a particular aspect of
observation
2- Recording- To keep an account about the observed
aspect in writing or some other permanent form
3-Analysis –Examining the element or structure of
the observed aspects in detail
4- Interpretation- Explaining the aspects of the
observation or providing measurement

17. • Type of observation
1-participant observation- It involves active
participation of the observer
2- structured observation- It is a data collecting
method in which researchers gather data without
direct involvement with the participants
3-Naturalistic observation- Observing people in their
normal environment

18. CORRELATIONAL METHOD
• Correlational research is a type of nonexperimental
research in which the researcher measures two
variables and assesses the statistical
relationship(i.e., the correlation) between them
with little or no effort to control extraneous
variables. The possible relationships include a
positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero
correlation
• Some example of correlation include: a positive
correlation between smoking and lung cancer;a
negative correlation between the summer season
and the sale of hot cocoa; and a possible correlation
between height and shoe size.

19. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
• The experimental method involves manipulating
one variable to determine if this causes changes in
another variable. This method relies on controlled
research methods and random assignment of study
subjects to test a hypothesis.
• The main purpose of experimental research is to
test a hypothesis. Once the hypothesis is tested,
data can be analyzed and conclusion can be drawn.

20. • Independent variable (IV)
• The variable the experimenter manipulates (i.e.,
changes) is assumed to have a direct effect on the
dependent variable.
• Dependent variable (DV)
• Variable the experimenter measures. This is the
outcome (i.e., the result) of a study.
• Extraneous variables (EV)
• All variables which are not independent variables but
could affect the results (DV) of the experiment. EVs
should be controlled where possible.
• Confounding variables
• Variable(s) that have affected the results (DV), apart
from the IV. A confounding variable could be an
extraneous variable that has not been controlled.