This document provides instructions for a qualitative cation analysis experiment and test. It outlines the learning objectives, which are to understand different cation types, tests to identify cations in salts, and the chemical reactions and balanced equations involved in each test. Students will analyze a given salt through experimentation and procedures, and participate in a viva examination with questions about cation identification and salt tests using pictures. The document also provides information on titration methods to determine the strength of acid or base solutions.

1. Qualitative analysis (cation)
Date: 28.09.23 Class: 11th
Learning Objective:
1. To understand different types of cations
2. To understand various tests to determine the cation present in a
given salt.
3. To understand the chemical reactions and their balanced
equations that takes place during each test.

2. General instruction
1. Experiment : To analyze the given salt --15 minutes
(salt will be given to test it and find the cation present)
2. Procedure – 10 minutes
(write the identified salt procedure in note book including preliminary test.)
3. Viva questions -30 minutes
(there are two parts in viva part- 1 out of 7 attend any 5.
part -2 with the help of given picture find the name of the salt and name of
the test used to find it. )

3. Viva questions.

4. 1. Name the cation present in zero group.
2. Which ion gives apple green colour with non-luminous flame.
3. write one colored basic radical (cation)?
4. Ca²⁺ ion gives_________color with non - luminous flame.
5. Which reagent is used to test the presence of ammonium ion in a given
salt?
6. What is the name of the product obtained by the reaction of lead ion with
potassium chromate solution?
7. Which salt gives pink ash in cobalt nitrate test?

6. Crimson Red

12. Learning Objectives
1. To determine the strength of a given solution

13. What is Titration?
To determine the unknown concentration of a sample by
measuring its volume. This process is also called titration.
The solution taken in the burette is called the titrant and the
solution taken in the conical flask is called the analyte.

14. What does the end point of a titration mean?
The reaction between the titrant and the
analyte becomes complete.
Determined by using indicators.

15. What is a standard solution?
A solution of known concentration is called the
standard solution.
Prepared by dissolving a known quantity of the
substance in a definite volume of the solvent.

16. What is an indicator?
An indicator is a chemical substance that
undergoes a colour change at the endpoint.

17. Indicators pH Range Acid Base
Phenolphthal
ein
8.0 - 10.0 Colourless Pink
Methyl
Orange
3.1 - 4.4 Red Orange

18. What are the different types of Acid-Base titrations?
1.Strong acid-Strong base: Indicators phenolphthalein and methyl orange.
Example: Titration of HCl Vs NaOH
2. Strong acid-weak base titration: indicator Methyl orange
Example: Titration of HCl Vs NH4OH
3. Strong base-weak acid titration: indicator phenolphthalein
Example: Titration of CH3COOH Vs NaOH
4. Weak acid-weak base titration: difficult to choose a suitable indicator for this type of titration.
Example: Titration of CH3COOH Vs NH4OH

19. How do we determine the strength of a given acid or
base?
By the law of equivalents