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Chptr 2 Drug Use as a Social Problem
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Drugs, Society, and Behavior 2011
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Chptr 2 Drug Use as a Social Problem
1.
Chapter 2
Drug Use as a Social Problem © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
2.
Costs of Drug
Use to Society Deaths Emergency room visits Drugs in the workplace and lost productivity Broken homes, illnesses, shorter lives, etc. Cost of maintaining habit Cost of criminal behavior Cost of treating patients Fetal alcohol syndrome Others? © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
3.
Changing Attitudes
What made the government change from the laissez-faire attitude of the 1800s to one of control? Toxicity Dependence Crime © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
4.
Toxicity
Toxic = poisonous, deadly, or dangerous What makes a drug toxic? Amount used How it is used What the user did while on the drug © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
5.
Toxicity
Physiological toxicity vs. behavioral toxicity Acute effects vs. chronic effects Acute behavioral toxicity (drunk driving) Chronic physiological toxicity (cirrhosis) © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
6.
Drug-Related Toxicity
Examples of acute toxicity Behavioral: “Intoxication” that impairs the actions of drug users and increases the danger to themselves and others Physiological: Overdose that causes the user to stop breathing © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
7.
Drug-Related Toxicity
Examples of chronic toxicity Behavioral Personality and lifestyle changes Effects on relationships with friends and family Physiological Heart disease Lung cancer Cirrhosis Other health effects © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
8.
© 2009 McGraw-Hill
Higher Education. All rights reserved.
9.
Drug Abuse Warning
Network A system for collecting data on drug- related deaths and emergency room visits at some U.S. metropolitan hospitals DAWN collects data on improper use of legal prescription and over- the-counter drugs as well as illicit drugs © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
10.
Drug Abuse Warning
Network Alcohol is reported only in combination with other drugs Drug-alcohol and drug- drug combinations are very common © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
11.
D.A.W.N. Toxicity Data ©
2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
12.
Drug Abuse Warning
Network Toxicity Data ER Visits Deaths 1. Cocaine 1. Prescription Opioids 2. Alcohol-in- (not heroin) combination 2. Cocaine 3. Marijuana 3. Alcohol-in- 4. Prescription Opioids combination 5. Benzodiazepines 4. Benzodiazepines 5. Methadone © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
13.
Drug Abuse Warning
Network What it tells us about how dangerous a drug is Simply gives us total deaths/ER visits What it does not tell us about how dangerous a drug is Consider relative danger vs. total impact of the drug Number of users vs. number of reported problems © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
14.
Blood-Borne Diseases
Specific toxicity for users who inject drugs AIDS, HIV infection, and hepatitis B and C Sharing needles passes infectious agents directly into the bloodstream Some states, cities prohibit needle purchase without Rx Syringe exchange programs © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
15.
Substance Dependence
What do “addicts” look like? What drug do they take or what behavior do they engage in (alcohol, cigarettes, illicit drugs, food, sex, gambling, shopping, computer time)? How much time do they spend on their habit? How much of a drug do they take? How do you decide on the definition of dependence? © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
16.
Substance Dependence
Three basic processes Tolerance Physical dependence Psychological dependence © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
17.
Tolerance
Diminished effect on the body after repeated use of the same drug The body develops ways to compensate for the chemical imbalance caused by the drug Regular drug users may build up tolerance to the extent that their dosage would kill a novice user © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
18.
Physical Dependence
Physical dependence is defined by the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome Tolerance typically precedes physical dependence If drug use is stopped suddenly, withdrawal symptoms occur, ranging from mild to severe Physical dependence means the body has adapted to the drug’s presence © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
19.
Psychological Dependence
Psychological or behavioral dependence High frequency of drug use Craving for the drug Tendency to relapse after stopping use Behavior is reinforced by the consequences Over time, this becomes the biggest reason users report they continue to use © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
20.
Changing Views of
Dependence Early medical model = true addiction involves physical dependence; key is treatment of withdrawal symptoms Positive reinforcement model = drugs can reinforce behavior without physical dependence Psychological dependence is increasingly viewed as the driving force behind repeated drug use This refutes the sometimes common belief that drugs that aren’t as strongly physically addicting are less dangerous © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
21.
Substance Abuse and
Dependence: DSM-IV-TR APA diagnostic criteria for abuse and dependence (Table on page 36) Complex behavioral definitions Dependence can occur with or without physiological dependence (i.e., withdrawal) © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
22.
Substance Dependence:
DSM-IV-TR A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period: 1. Tolerance 2. Withdrawal 3. Substance often taken in larger amounts or over a period longer than intended 4. Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use 5. A great deal of time is spent in obtaining the substance 6. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use 7. Substance use continues despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent problem that is caused or exacerbated by the substance © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
23.
Substance Abuse:
DSM-IV-TR A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one or more of the following occurring at any time in the same 12-month period: 1. Recurrent substance use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home 2. Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous 3. Recurrent substance-related legal problems 4. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
24.
Is Dependence
Caused by the Substance? Some drugs are more likely than others to lead to dependence Method of use, as well as other factors, influences risk of dependence The “war on drugs” reflects . the perspective that drugs are themselves evil © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
25.
Table 2.3: Dependence
Potential of Psychoactive Drugs © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
26.
Is Dependence Biological?
Is dependence due to biochemical or physiological actions in the brain? Still no way to scan the brain and know if a person has/had developed dependence Genetic physiological or biochemical markers have been sought as well, but none has proven reliable © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
27.
Is There an
“Addictive Personality”? No way to know if the drug or the drug use changes a person’s personality Many other factors affect personality Sensation-seeking = a personality characteristic statistically associated with early substance use and abuse © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
28.
Is Dependence a
Family Disorder? Alcohol dependence often exists within a dysfunctional family Evidence suggests that dysfunctional relationships play a role in dependence, but they aren’t the only factor © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
29.
Is Substance Dependence
a Disease? Founders of AA characterized alcohol dependence as a disease Others argue that dependence doesn’t have all the characteristics of a disease There are ways to test and treat the effects of alcoholism but not the disease itself There is some disagreement over how to define disease as well © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
30.
Biopsychosocial Perspective
Dependence is related to dysfunctions of: Biology Personality Social interactions © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
31.
Drugs and Crime
Drug use may change a person’s personality People under the influence may commit crimes (e.g., many cases of homicide, domestic violence, etc.) © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
32.
Drugs and Crime
Crimes may be carried out to obtain money for drugs Drug use is a crime © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
33.
Why We Regulate
Drugs We want to protect society from the dangers of some types of drug use = legitimate social purpose Some laws are not developed as part of a rationally devised plan and may not be realistic or effective Current laws: How did we get to these? - assignment © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
34.
Chapter 2
Drug Use as a Social Problem ?????????? © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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