Unacademy Indexes and reports: gender indexes gii, gem, gdi 1.2

1. Indexes and Reports: Gender
Indexes- GEM, GDI, GII and
Qualities of Good indicators 1.2
Presented by: Roman Saini

2. About me
• Trying to impart high quality accessible education
• If you want to know more, you can read online
• Spread the word of this education revolution
• Any query or doubt, please comment below the video on youtube or
on Facebook page: www.facebook.com/unacademy

3. Qualites of good HDR indicator
• Simple to calculate
• Single number
• Can be calculated yearly
• Comparable between countries
• Easy to interpret

4. Gender Indicators
• HDR (Human Development Report) in 1995: Introduced GDI and
GEM
• To measure the extent of gender inequality and women empowerment
• HDI lacked gender dimension
• PS: 2014- Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and
Building Resilience
• 2015- Rethinking Work for Human Development

5. GEM
• Gender Empowerment Measure; UNDP, HDR (significant till 2010)
• Tends to measure gender inequality across the globe by focussing on
empowerment
• Women’s share in income vis-a-vis men
• Employment in high income job & professional jobs [decision making jobs],
leading to economic power
• Access to parliament membership
• GEM was supposed to measure if women can take part in politico-economic life and
subsequently, in decision making

6. GDI
• Gender Development Index measures gender gap in human
development achievements in 3 aspects:
• Health: female and male life expectancy at birth; (For female: 22.5
and 87.5; For males: 17.5 and 82.5)
• Education: measured by female and male EYS for children; female
and male MYS for adults (25 or more);
• Command over economic resources: female and male estimated
earned income.

7. Why GII? Because GEM and GDI are
• Highly specialized
• Difficult to interpret
• More suitable for developed countries than developing countries
• More focussed on enabling measures than ground realities (output
vs. outcome debate)
• GEM: Focus more on higher strata of society

8. GII
• Introduced 20 years after first HDR came out, 1990 + 20 = 2010 ?
• Why after 20 years? To tackle the problems and limitations (both
method and concept) of GDI and GEM
• Composite measure, takes into account the loss of development &
opportunities owing to gender inequality
• Value varies between 0 (0 inequality or best case) to 1 (100%
inequality means worst case scenario).
• REM ?

10. • Gender Inequality Index measures gender inequalities in 3 aspects:
• Reproductive health measured by maternal mortality ratio and
adolescent birth rates;
• Empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats
occupied by females and proportion of adult females and males
aged 25 or more (minimum secondary education);
• Economic status expressed as labour market participation and
measured by labour force participation rate of female and male
populations aged 15 years and older.

11. • Reproductive health:
• First indicator to take this into account
• Very important indicator which denotes the level of freedom
• MMR (Maternal Mortality Ratio) - UNICEF’s State of the World’s
Children
• AFR (Adolescent Fertiltiy Rate) - UN Department of Economic and
Social Affairs
• Reproductive health = largest loss due to GI

12. • Empowerment:
• Share of parliamentary seats => International Parliamentary Union
• Only national level, not state or local level
• 3/20 i.e. 15%. Very low.
• Prevailing higher education => UNESCO
• More they are educated, more they participate in DM, public life,
low AFR and IMR.

13. • Labour force participation rate in market:
• Ideally should include paid, unpaid work and also those who are
actively seeking work.
• ILO

14. • GII top ranks (not in order):
• Slovenia, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Frane,
Norway, Iceland (less than 0.1 or 10% inequality)
• GII bottom ranks:
• Yemen, Chad, Niger, Afghanistan, Mozambique, Congo, Liberia, CAR,
Mali, Sierra Leone, Mauritania (65-75% inequality)
• India and Pakistan- 127, Bangladesh - 115, Sri lanka- 75, Nepal- 98, Bhutan
- 102
• Brazil -85, Russia -52, China - 37, South Africa - 94

15. • Gives valuable insights on gender gaps and position of women in >
150 countries.
• Highlight areas in need of critical policy intervention
• Forces us into proactive thinking
• Formulation of public policy should be done in order to overcome
systematic disadvantages towards female
• Economic costs

16. • Even developing countries which have low gender inequalities can
score high.
• Even if a nation has a very good score in one dimension (like E), it
does not necessarily mean that it will have an overall great GII
(association-sensitive)

17. • Criticism and shortcomings:
• Many times it ignores women in unpaid and informal sectors
(where they dominate)
• Use mix indices (health and economic)
• May not be applicable to all the regions
• Complex

18. Spread the word and be a part of this education revolution

19. www.facebook.com/romansaini.official
Spread the education-for-all revolution
@theUnacademy
@RomanSaini
Hit thumbs up
Thank you for watching the tutorial
www.facebook.com/unacademy