HYGIENE AND ECOLOGY LECTURE FOR EDUCATION PURPOSE

2. HYGIENE AND ECOLOGY

3. Hygiene as a Medical Science:-
• In medicine it is possible to distinguish 2 areas: medical
and preventive.
• They are interrelated and supplement each other, but are
separate scientific disciplines.
• The preventive medicine or "hygiene" (from Greek —
"bringing health") studies a healthy person (individual
health) or health of the population of a region or country.

4. The Concept of Hygiene
• Hygiene is a medical science studying the influence of
environmental factors on a human organism and on
public health in order to prove hygienic measures,
sanitary rules.
• measures for maintenance and improvement of a human
health and prevention of diseases.

5. Factors Influencing the Health of Population
• According to the data of the World Health
Organization (WHO), the health of population of
any country of the world depends on the
following factors:
• In 48-53% — on socio-economic conditions
in the country or region and a lifestyle of a
person (physical training, smoking, etc.)
• In 18-20 % — on the genetic factor (spread
of hereditary illnesses in population)
• In 17-20 % — on quality (degree of
pollution) of the environment
• In 8-10 % — on level of development and
quality of medical aid

6. The Origin and Development of Hygiene:-
• A centuries-old history of hygiene can be conditionally divided into 2 periods:
Empirical hygiene (experimental hygiene) is a gradual accumulation of
hygienic knowledge by people from the time of primitive society on the basis
of own experience or experience of the previous generations (the use and
preservation of various food, water from different water sources,
arrangement )
• In the Middle Ages the centers of medical science shifted from Europe,
suppressed by inquisition, tothe East (the works by Avicenna or Ibn-
Sina).bitation in different districts, etc.)
• The period of empirical hygiene had been completed by the epoch of
Renaissance in Europe (15th century), by discovery of microscope and
nature of infectious diseases (16-17th centuries

7. In hygiene the environment is considered as 4 objects, which
primarily influence the organism of a person. They are:
• Atmospheric air and air of a working
zone
• Water of reservoirs and drinking
water
• Soil
• Foodstuffs

8. They include:
Studying natural and anthropogenic factors of the environment (table 2)
influencing a
human being — their sources, reasons of occurrence, ways of influence on a
person,
7
basic quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In hygiene all the variety of
the
environment factors influencing a person are subdivided into:
• Physical factors (noise, vibration, radiation);
• Chemical factors (various chemical substances);
• Biological factors (microbes, viruses, biological agents, etc.);
• Psychogenic factors (informational — a high level of negative information
can cause
illness or even death of a person);
• Social factors (level of life, conditions of rest, etc.)

10. The contents of hygiene as a science is determined by the list of its
basic sections:
v General hygiene (propaedeutics of hygiene)
v Hygiene of nutrition
v Municipal hygiene
v Hygiene of environment
v Occupational hygiene
v Hygiene of children and teenagers
v Hygiene of medical-prophylactic establishments
v Hygiene of extreme conditions
v Military hygiene
v Hygiene of hot climate
v Radiative hygiene
v Other sections — transport, sports hygiene, etc.

11. Bases of General Ecology

12. :
• Ecology is a biological
science concerned with
interrelationships among
living
• organisms, encompassing
the relations of organisms
to each other, to the
environment, and to
• energy balance within a
given ecosystem

13. Ecology (bionomics) is subdivided into the following
sections:
• Autoecology — a section of bionomics which
studies all ecological aspects of separate
species. Autoecology studies the effect of the
environmental factors on each living organism.
• Thus, an investigated organism is considered
outside the link with other living entities of the
given ecological system.
• Synecology studies communities of various
living organisms, for example, the community
of microorganisms, plants, animals and their
interaction with each other, as well as with
inorganic environment

14. Ecosystem :
Ecosystem is a set of organisms interacting with each other,
as well as with the
environment, in which they live
Any ecosystem consists of two parts:
The 1st part is called biocenosis. It includes
all living organisms of ecosystem.
The 2nd part is called biotope. It is a part of
the earth surface with particular
physicochemical properties, on which
biocenosis lives.

15. Interrelation and Differences of Hygiene and
Ecology
features of these sciences are the following:
they study factors of environ_x0002_mental effect on
organisms, maintain the environment (habitat) from
degradation due to pollution.
• Changes in ecosystem sooner or later have a negative
effect on conditions of life or health of a person.

16. Differences are as follows:
Different objects of research — a person (in hygiene) or living
organisms (in ecology)
Different methods of research in these sciences in connection with
different objects of
research
Differences in principles of normalization of harmful factors (in
hygiene — maintaining
health of each person, in ecology — preservation of basic parameters of
ecosystem
with possible partial destruction of organisms).