3. CONTENTS
1/5/2020Add a footer 3
Scientific Classification
Origin and History
Introduction
Production Technology
Composition
Uses
Maize Industries
Market Analysis
4. CONT…
Starch Industry
Maize Processing Units
Textile Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Food Industry
Paper Industry
Feed Production Industry
References
1/5/2020Add a footer 4
5. MAIZE (Zea mays)
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
• KINGDOM PLANTAE
• ORDER POALES
• FAMILY POACEAE
• SUBFAMILY PANICOIDEAE
• GENUS ZEA
• SPECIE Z. mays
1/5/2020Add a footer 5
6. ORIGIN AND HISTORY
• Corn plant is indigenous to America and principle food grain of
native Americans
• It was domesticated 8000 years ago
• For western civilization, the story of corn began in 1492 when
Columbus's men discovered this new grain in Cuba.
• Archeological evidence of corn's early presence in the western
hemisphere was identified from corn pollen grain considered to
be 80,000 years old obtained from drill cores 200 feet below
Mexico City
1/5/2020Add a footer 6
7. INTRODUCTION
Highest yielding cereal crop in the World
3rd most grown crop in the World
3rd largest grown cereal crop in Pakistan
4th largest grown crop in Pakistan
Rich source of starch, vitamins, proteins and minerals
1/5/2020Add a footer 7
8. INTRODUCTION
World production 600 million metric tons
World area 118 million hectare
Total Pakistan area 1 million hectare
Total production 3.5 million metric tons
Contribution of different provinces to total area
1. Punjab 39%
2. KPK 56%
3. Sindh 5%
4. Balochistan 3%
1/5/2020Add a footer 8
10. SOIL AND CLIMATE
• Maize is adapted to wild variety of soil and
climate
• Well drain heavy soils with high organic
matter content and good water holding
capacity.
• pH 6.5—7.5
• Temperature for flowering more than 10 c°
1/5/2020Add a footer 10
11. SEEDBED PREPARATION
• Fine and compact bed needed
• Land is loosened 20 to 25 cm deep
through ploughing or disking 2–3
times
• Planking
1/5/2020Add a footer 11
12. SOWING TIME
Maize is planted in two seasons
1. Autumn
First weak of February up to first week of March
2. Spring
Last week of July to mid of august
1/5/2020Add a footer 12
13. SEED RATE AND VARIETIES
SEED RATE:
12—15 kg per acre (for drill sowing)
8—10 kg per acre (for bed sowing)
• Hybrid verities
Corn—8288
NK—8001
X—2276
Monsanto– 6525
1/5/2020Add a footer 13
14. SOWING METHOD
• Maize can be sown on flat soil as well as ridges
For ridge sowing
75 cm apart ridges are made with ridger
Choka method or manual sowing is practiced
For flat sowing
Automatic tractor drawn drill or hand drill with 75
cm distance between rows is used
Thining is done after 10—15 days of emergence
1/5/2020Add a footer 14
15. SOWING METHOD……
Plant to plant distance 20—25 cm
Plant population should be 70—75 thousand per
hectare
1/5/2020Add a footer 15
16. FERTILIZATION
NPK @ 150—100—100 kg per hectare respectively
All phosphorus & potassium and half Nitrogen side
dressed
N is added in two splits first at knee height second at
tasseling
1/5/2020Add a footer 16
17. IRRIGATION
• Requires frequent irrigation
• Irrigation 10—15 days intervals
• Drought will reduce yield
• Moisture stress at critical stages can reduce
yield up to 40%
• Total irrigations
6—9
1/5/2020Add a footer 17
18. HARVEST AND STORAGE
• Harvested when moisture content
of grains are 20—25 %
• Hand operated or powered maize
shellers can be used
• Store at moisture content 15%
• Temperature for storage 20—25 c°
• Humidity 30—50 %
1/5/2020Add a footer 18
19. COMPOSITION OF MAIZE
Starch 60-72%
Moisture 11-15%
Crude Protein 9-10%
Oil 4-5%
Cellulose 2%
Ashes 1%
1/5/2020Add a footer 19
20. USES OF MAIZE
Its flour is used For
• Making breads
• Noodles
• Confectionery
• Custards (thicking agent)
• Jellies (thicking agent)
1/5/2020Add a footer 20
21. USES……
An unleavened bread called makai ki roti is a popular
bread eaten in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
•Edible oil
•Levulinic acid (used as ingredient in anti freeze)
• plastic and fabrics are made from corn stocks
•Ethanol used as biomass fuel
•Corn silk used as herbal supplements
1/5/2020Add a footer 21
23. MARKET ANALYSIS
There are various industries in Pakistan
which consume starch and other maize
based products
Due to multiple use of starch, its
demand is rapidly growing.
The largest consuming industry of starch
is Textile Industry.
1/5/2020Add a footer 23
25. STARCH INDUSTRY
maize crop categorized as cereal having 72%
starch in the grain.
Maize starch is employed in the manufacture of
asbestos, ceramics, plastics, oil and
pharmaceutical industries
derivatives of maize starch included glucose or
corn syrup, corn sugar and industrial alcohol
which are employed in different industries.
1/5/2020Add a footer 25
26. CONT………
Starch is widely used in textile, paper, paper
board, soap, cosmetics, leather rayon industries
Current annual utilization of maize in starch
industry. 0.300 Million T.
Maximum, potential utilization by year 2005
0.350 Million T.
1/5/2020 26
27. MAIZE PROCESSING UNITS
Presently there are 6 main maize processing units
having a total installed milling capacity of 136500 tons
Rafhan Maize Products, Faisalabad
Glaxo Lab Lahore
Pakistan Corn Products
Swat Corn Products
Maize Products, Gujranwala
Fauji Corn Complex Jahangira
1/5/2020Add a footer 27
29. TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Textiles industry is the largest industry in terms
of investment in Pakistan
It contributes one fourth to industrial value
added and employs around 40 per cent of
industrial labour force in the country.
Of all the starches available commercially,
maize starch best fulfills the requirements of
sizing in weaving units
1/5/2020Add a footer 29
30. CONT……
The existing demand of starch for textile
industry is 53,934 tons
Fabrics prepared from maize starch used in
window shades and in binding for books
1/5/2020Add a footer 30
32. PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Maize starch is used as binder or disintegrating
agent in tablets
Corn Silk possess many potential benefits i.e.
provides anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory
properties, manage blood sugar, lower blood
pressure, reduce cholesterol etc
1/5/2020Add a footer 32
34. FOOD INDUSTRY
Dextrose anhydrous is generally manufactured
from starch, basically maize starch
Dextrose is used in manufacturing of:
ice cream,
confectionary,
1/5/2020Add a footer 34
36. CONT…
CORN OIL
Corn oil contains linoleum acid and oleic acid
as the main fatty acids.
It is used for margarine, cake and biscuit
making as well as for greasing of backing pans
etc
1/5/2020Add a footer 36
37. CONT….
CORN GLUTEN
It is a by-product of the industrial processing
of corn, with specific properties.
It is rich in vitamins, essential amino acids
Play significant role in growing poultry
It can be used as an additive for spices
1/5/2020Add a footer 37
38. CONT…
CORN FIBER
It is a byproduct of the industrial processing of
corn
Corn fiber is mainly rich in cellulose, but also in
mineral matters, vitamins and fats
Valuable ingredient in cattle feed
1/5/2020Add a footer 38
40. PAPER INDUSTRY
Maize starch is widely used in surface sizing
increases the strength of the paper
It also increases the stiffness of the paper.
1/5/2020Add a footer 40
42. FEED PRODUCTION INDUSTRY
Maize is best for converting vegetable protein into animal
protein
The use of maize in poultry and livestock feed industry is
restricted because of the availability of other cereal i.e. wheat
and rice (broken) comparatively at lower prices
Present use of maize grain for poultry feed production per
annum: 0.450 Million Tons
Possible demand for maize grain (if use of wheat and rice
banned): 0.8-1.0 Million Tons
1/5/2020Addfooter 42