Cloning impact on medicines

1. IMPACT OF GENE CLONING ON
MEDICINE BS MICRO 5TH
SEM

2. GROUP
MEMEBERS
• Kulsoom Ghafar
• Zartash Rani
• Faryal muneer
• Zaheen Amir
• Muhammad Behram
• Mesum Raza
• Mahahil Fatima
• Nida Zafar
•

3. Introduction to
cloning
• Cloning is the process of
generating a genetically identical
copy of a cell or an organism
• There are three different types of
artificial cloning:
• Gene cloning
• Reproductive cloning
• Therapeutic cloning
•

4. GENE CLONING
• Gene cloning: This process
produces copies of genes or
segments of DNA
• It involves the replication of
specific DNA sequences, which
can be used for various purposes,
such as studying gene function or
creating genetic modifications

5. REPRODUCTIVE
CLONING
• Reproductive cloning: This type
of cloning produces copies of
whole animals
• It involves the deliberate
production of genetically
identical individuals, such as
monozygotic (identical) twins,
which occur naturally in humans
and other mammals
Reproductive cloning can also be
achieved through techniques like
somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT), which involves removing
the chromosomes from an egg
and replacing them with a
nucleus taken from a somatic cell
of the individual or an organism.

6. THERAPEUTIC
COLONING
• This process produces embryonic stem cells
for experiments aimed at creating tissues to
replace injured or diseased tissues in the
body. Therapeutic cloning can potentially be
used for treating various medical conditions,
such as diabetes or Parkinson’s disease, by
generating cells or tissues that are genetically
compatible with the patient

7. METHODS OF
CLONING
• Isolation of Somatic Cell:** A somatic cell, like a skin
cell, is taken from the organism to be cloned.
• Egg Cell Preparation:** An egg cell’s nucleus is
removed, leaving an empty egg.
• Nucleus Transfer:** The nucleus from the somatic
cell is inserted into the egg cell, which now contains
the genetic material from the donor.
• Stimulation:** Electric or chemical stimulation
prompts the reconstructed egg to start dividing and
behaving like a fertilized egg.
• Implantation or Development:** The egg can be
implanted into a surrogate mother or cultured in a
lab to develop into an embryo with the same genetic
makeup as the donor

8. Induced stem cells(iPSCs)
• iPSCs and Regenerative Medicine:**
iPSCs are reprogrammed adult cells
with the potential to differentiate
into various cell types. In the context
of cloning, they can serve as a
valuable tool for generating specific
tissues or organs.
• Tissue/Organ Generation:** iPSCs
can be manipulated in the lab to
differentiate into specific cell types.
This process offers the possibility of
creating tissues or organs tailored to
a patient’s genetic makeup, reducing
the risk of rejection after
transplantation.

9. CON..
• Personalized Medicine:** By utilizing iPSCs derived from an individual’s own
cells, scientists can explore disease mechanisms, screen drugs, and potentially
develop personalized therapies.
• So, while iPSCs aren’t directly used in cloning a whole organism, they play a
crucial role in advancing regenerative medicine, potentially allowing for the
creation of tissues or organs that closely match an individual’s genetic profile,
thereby revolutionizing treatment options

10. CLONING IN
REPRODUCTIVE
MEDICINES
Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (SCNT):**
This process begins by
taking a somatic cell (a
non-reproductive cell,
like a skin cell) from
the donor organism
intended for cloning.
Egg Cell
Manipulation:** An egg
cell is taken from
another donor
organism and its
nucleus is removed,
leaving an empty egg.
Nucleus Transfer:**
The nucleus from the
somatic cell is inserted
into the emptied egg
cell, creating a
reconstructed egg
containing the genetic
material of the donor.
Stimulation and
Development:**
Through stimulation,
the reconstructed egg
begins dividing and
developing, resembling
the early stages of an
embryo.

11. CON..
Reproductive cloning has been performed in various animals but has ethical,
technical, and efficiency challenges, limiting its widespread use in humans.
However, it remains an area of research with potential applications in preserving
endangered species, agricultural improvements, and understanding genetic
diseases.
Implantation or Culturing:** The resulting embryo can either be implanted into a
surrogate mother for further development or cultured in a lab setting.

12. STEM CELLS
AND
CLONING
Cloning can be used to produce pluripotent stem cells,
which have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell
in the body. These cells can be used in medicine for
regenerative therapies, such as replacing damaged or
diseased tissues. Additionally, stem cells can be used to
study diseases and develop new treatments.
Stem cells are special cells that have the ability to develop
into different types of cells in the body. They can divide and
renew themselves for long periods of time, and can
differentiate into specialized cells such as muscle cells,
nerve cells, and blood cells. Stem cells are important for
the development and repair of tissues and organs in the
body

13. CON..
• Stem cells have a wide range of potential applications in medicine, including treating
diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and diabetes. They can also be used to repair
damaged tissues and organs, and to develop new drugs and therapies. Stem cells have
the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types, making them a valuable tool for
medical research and treatment

14. MEDICAL ADVANCES
THROUGH CLONING
• Treatment of Genetic Disorders: Cloning could
potentially help in treating genetic disorders by
creating healthy copies of genes or cells to
replace the faulty ones. This approach could offer
a more targeted and personalized treatment for
individuals with genetic conditions.
• Advancement in Regenerative Medicine: Cloning
may also play a role in regenerative medicine,
where it could be used to generate specific cells,
tissues, or even organs for transplantation. This
could help overcome the shortage of donor
organs and improve the success rates of
transplants.

15. CHALLENGES AND ETHICAL
CONSIDERATION
• Challenges:
• Low Success Rates:** Cloning techniques, especially Somatic
Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), often have low success rates,
leading to inefficiency and ethical concerns due to the number
of failed attempts.
• Health and Genetic Issues:** Cloned animals often face health
problems and genetic abnormalities, such as premature aging,
organ malformation, or immune system deficiencies.

16. CON..
• Ethical Concerns in Reproductive Cloning:** Reproductive cloning raises ethical dilemmas,
including questions about the sanctity of life, identity of the cloned individual, and the welfare
of the cloned organisms.
• Technological and Research Limitations:** Cloning techniques require precise methodologies,
sophisticated technology, and extensive research, posing challenges in their practical
application and scaling.

17. ETHICAL
CONSIDERATION
• Dignity and Identity:** Cloning challenges the unique
identity and dignity of an individual, raising
philosophical and moral concerns about the
uniqueness of each person.
• Sanctity of Life:** Ethical debates question whether
manipulating embryos or creating life artificially
violates the sanctity of life and ethical boundaries.

18. CON..
• Exploitation and Commercialization:** Concerns
exist about potential exploitation of cloning
technologies for commercial purposes, such as
cloning animals for profit or using human cloning for
unethical motives.
• Social and Psychological Impact:** Cloning might
have profound social and psychological impacts on
individuals, families, and society, raising concerns
about societal acceptance, discrimination, and
psychological well-being.

19. FUTURE
PROSPECTUS
AND
RESEARCH
DIRECTIONS
• Organ Regeneration:** Advancements may lead to
the creation of patient-specific organs and tissues,
reducing transplant rejection risks and organ
shortage issues.
• Precision Medicine:** Cloning could pave the way for
personalized treatments, using a patient’s own cells
to develop tailored therapies for various conditions.
• Disease Modeling:** Further research might allow
for more accurate animal models of human diseases,
aiding in understanding and developing treatments
for complex illnesses.

20. CON..
• Drug Testing:** Cloning could refine drug testing
processes by providing more consistent and reliable
models for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity.
• Enhanced Reproductive Technologies:** Continued
research might lead to improvements in infertility
treatments, addressing reproductive challenges for
individuals and couples.