Europa Nostra Bedestan - Presentation by UNDP Cyprus Programme Manager Tiziana Zennaro

This Programme is funded by the:
EUROPEAN UNION
United Nations Development Programme
Partnership for the Future
1
Study, Assessment and Design for the Structural
and Architectural Restoration of the Bedestan,
Nicosia
Category 2, Research
This project has been unanimously appreciated by the Jury for the
completeness of research – from the historical and archaeological analysis
to the architectural and technical diagnosis. The research pointed out the
operative quality of the restoration project, an innovative method of anti-
seismic support and vocational training for future maintenance. The Jury
also underlines the importance of the reuse project that respects the
dignity of this sacred space.
UNDP Photo/CNR
Were not specified, images are from CNR Report
Institute for Technologies
Applied to Cultural Heritage
CNR - Rome, Italy
PROJECT EXECUTED THROUGH UNOPS

2
Base Drawing from NMP document

3
Bedestan before restoration
UNDP Photo

4
UNDP Photos

5
UNDP Photos/C

Documentation of state of conservation
Restoration
project
Geotechnic
al survey
Geophysical
prospecting
Instrumental
surveys of
the structure
Characterization
of the materials
Geometric
survey
METHODOLOGY
This Programme is funded by the EUROPEAN UNION
Images from CNR Report

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
Cartography, drawings and photos
Painting of the capital before the Turkish conquest. At the
time of the Venetians the capital was enclosed within the
wall perimeter with its eleven bastions named after their
builders or superintendents. A ditch some eighty metres
wide surrounded the walls and was fed by the river
Pedieos. In this painting the river is shown passing through
the city although it was actually the Venetians who, for
defensive reasons, diverted it towards the North
Images from CNR Report

The first phase of the
project to improve the
Bedestan complex
involved subjecting
the monument to a
fact-finding survey,
involving the
simultaneous use of
different methods,
before proceeding
with the actual
restoration project.
Survey and investigation
UNDP Photos/CNR

Tomography resistivity at a depths of 0,5 mt.
The imagines of
Tomography
resistivity at
differents depths
reveales the
probability of
anomaly occurrence,
connected with the
presence of some
remains under the
floor

Tomography resistivity at a depths of 4 mt.
The imagines of
Tomography
resistivity at
differents depths
reveales the
probability of
anomaly occurrence,
connected with the
presence of some
remains under the
floor

Historical evolution based on a stratigraphic interpretation
11

West front
The historical interpretation
of the building phases of
the monument was done by
means the stratigraphic
interpretation of the
elevations, a building
analysis technique that
takes into account the
various kinds of physical
relations that exist among
the transformation actions
having left traces on the
masonry
Hstorical evolution based on a stratigraphic interpretation

The photogrammetric survey: Northern façade
The morphological and dimensional representation of this monument has
involved an intersecting and complementary use of various procedures.
Direct geometric measurements carried out using conventional means
were combined with instrumental techniques designed to gather
geometric and metric data indirectly (total stations, distance meters,
photogrammetric system)
Photogrammetric survey
UNDP Photo/CNR

Typological, architectonic and decorative characters
Details of architectonic elements
Architectural and Geometric Characteristics
Lantern supporting pillar with layered section
and reinforcement spur on the outside

Core Samples
The geotechnical investigation, in
cooperation with local University,
revealed that the monument is build on
9-10m thick loose to medium dense
alluvium (clay, silt, sand and gravel).
These alluviums show relatively high
apparent strength in their dry state.
However, with saturation their strength
decreases. This could be an aggravation
for the stability of the Bedestan.
Borehole BD6
0 m
1.30 m Artificial fill
Dark grey clay sand silt
Dark grey medium size gravel clay sand silt
No core recovered (Gravel?)
3.45 m
4.30 m
5.00 m
Borehole BD3
0 m
Foundation
Dark grey clay sand silt
3.70 m
4.00 m
Transversal section SE.D
Geognostic Investigations (drilling and sampling)
UNDP Photo/CNR

The geoelectric method consists in the experimental determination
of the distribution of resistivity characterizing the electrical structure
of the soil. Geophysical (geoelectrical) prospecting of the building
floor were done to determine the presence of any ancient masonry
that no longer exists
Geophysical investigations
UNDP Photos/CNR

The masonry structure tests on site
Of great importance have been the masonry structure tests on site for the
mechanical characterization of stone samples.This investigation has
consisted of the following tests:
Flat jack Mechanical strain gauge
Video-endoscope
system
Endoscope feeler
 -  graph referring to sample S02
Hydraulic flat jack tests: to measure
the compressive stress in the
masonry wall
Tests with video-endoscope system
and sonic/ultrasonic tests: to observe
and to evaluate the presence of
voids and cracks
Analysis of materials to evaluate the
masonry qualitative and quantitative
characteristics
UNDP Photos/CNR

Photo BF 6x under the stereo microscope WILD MPS 46/52
Photo BF 6x under the stereo microscope WILD MPS 46/52
SAMPLING POINT
SAMPLING POINT
RE 3 PHISICAL INVESTIGATION
Record DEno. 05S
SAMPLE CODE S1
USE: Masonry with squared blocks, external wall curtain.
Analysis of materials - Records of samples of stone materials s
SAMPLE CODE S1
USE: Stone element cut and shaped used as door post of the pointed arch portal
GRAINSTONES
GRAINSTONES
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE
Material corresponding to a strongly reddish zone.
SAMPLE LOCATION
Squared block wall a1, section SE6STATE OF CONSERVATION OF MATERIAL
Material lacking in cohesion.
TESTS PERFORMED as at 30/11/2004:
Thin section
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE
Fine-grained stone, compact, bismark in colour.
SAMPLE LOCATION
Pointed arch stone portal wall a1 (EL 1)STATE OF CONSERVATION OF MATERIAL
Good. Surface solid with no deposit.
TESTS PERFORMED as at 30/11/2004:
Thin section
PROGRAMMED TESTS:
Thin section microscopic analysis
PROGRAMMED TESTS:
Thin section microscopic analysis
Porosity and porosimetric curve
UNDP Photos/CNR

0 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 mt.
Disaggregation, decohesion and/or pulverization
Efflorescence
Biological colonization
Presence of vegetation
Surface deposits
Crusts
Legend
Disaggregation, decohesion and/or pulverization
Efflorescence
Biological colonization
Erosion
Material loss
Loss of stone elements
Presence of vegetation
Surface deposits
Crusts
Legend
Loss of mortar in the joints of the masonry
Fractures
MAPPING OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERATIONS

transverse seismic motion
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS / ASSESSMENT / STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS

Lantern arch and compound vault
Mechanism of detachment rotation of front part of lantern due to collapse of
supporting arch on the western side. Cracking pattern and virtual model.
UNDP Photo/CNR

Instability state with accentuated deformation
of vaults and columns
Southern naves: instability
UNDP Photos/CNR

Plan of the wooden
reinforcement over the
arches
Plan of the external wooden reinforcement as
counterfort
Stone made superelevation of the masonry
Headplate for tie anchoring
Headplate for tie anchoring
Fabricated horizontal metal frame for vault
bracing
Internal upper metal profile girder
(HEA160)
Aligned brace Ø30 mm
Reinforced concrete masonry girder and pillars
(stainless steel frame 4Ø16 - brackets Ø8/20 cm)
Strengthening works: longitudinal section
23
UNDP Photos

Consolidation of elevated structure – Southern naves
Metal scaffolding to
support the vaults
Metal reinforcement
and braces
Diagonal stay through
the perforation
Metal core with
internal
precompression
cable
Restoring
original
curvature
Buttress
enlargement
Reinforced
concrete plinth
Existing buttress
Micropiles
New reinforced
concrete
foundations
A
B
C
E F
D
System for
counteracting the
thrust transmitted
by the lantern by
reinforcing the
buttresses and the
arrangement of
diagonal stays
anchored to the
new reinforced
concrete
foundations
Reconstruction of the columns of the
southern naves with metal core and
internal tensioning cable
24

Fasi esecutive delle
complesse opere di
rimozione e
rimontaggio delle
colonne centrali
Safety disposal to eventually
connect the heads of the columns
25
Consolidation of elevated structure – Southern naves
UNDP Photos

The main intervention will be concentrated on the
roofing by means of reinforced concrete beams, metal
stays and tie beams placed inside the masonry by
means of axial perforation
Roof intervention: keystone beams, ties, stays, cladding
and perimeter anchoring systems
UNDP Photo/CNR

The pendulum
27
The idea transferred to the structure of the Bedestan has led to
realise a pendulum, hidden under the floor of the central aisle and
sustained by tilted metallic cables able to counteract the thrust of
the arch.
UNDP Photo
UNDP Photo
UNDP Photo/CNR

The conservative restoration intervention
had to solve numerous serious problems
encountered in the monument due above all
to the absence of roofing over much of the
building combined with the absolute lack of
any rainwater drainage system.
It is indeed built using a very porous and
quickly deteriorating calcareous stone
(biocalcarenite) which is liable to
pulverization and crumbling and thus to
gradual loss.
CONSERVATION OPERATIONS
UNDP Photos/CNR

D2
D2
D2
D2 D2
D2
D2
0 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 mt.
E1
E1
E1
E1
B1 B2
E3
E2
E2
E2
F1
F1
F1
F1
D3
D3
D3
E3
F3B3 B4
F3B3 B4
F3B3 B4
F3B3 B4
F3B3 B4
F3B3 B4
C3 C5
Legend
B1 - Cutting down of trees in the upper areas or abutting the wall masonry .
B2 - Local application of biocides and mechanical elimination of upper
vegetation after waiting the time necessary for the drying cycle.
F3 - Preventive treatment with long-life biocides.
B3 - Biocide treatment to eliminate mosses and lichens (see chemical report).
B4 - Disinfection of the microflora on all the stone parts by means of generalized
washing using distilled water containing 10% Neodesogen.
E3 - Compresses of paper pulp suspended in deionized water applied all the
stone surfaces loaded with soluble salts in order to extract the salts from the
surfaces.
E1 - Dry cleaning of the loose surface deposits on the stone curtains
performed using flat brushes, natural fibre brushes and vacuum cleaners.
E2 - Cleaning of solid deposits and black crusts on the stone curtains and the
vaults using chemical compresses containing a basic solvent mixture and light
rinsing with deionized water combined with light brushing with soft natural brooms
on all the surfaces (taking care to prevent water being absorbed by the blocks).
D2 - Dismantling and replacement of portions of degraded stone curtain
with no mechanical resistance.
F1 - Consolidation of decorated and carved stone materials
(after prior agreement with works management) by applying ethyl silicate. .
C4 - Patching of surface gaps in the stone curtains.
C3 - Repairing of deep gaps in the masonry including possible filling of the cavity
of the internal core with diathon.
Legend
W.1 Cleaning
W.2 Curative treatment
W.3 Completion and replacement of wooden parts
W.4 Intervention on iron fittings
W.5 Finishing
WOODEN WORKS
B1 - Cutting down of trees in the upper areas or abutting the wall masonry .
B2 - Local application of biocides and mechanical elimination of upper
vegetation after waiting the time necessary for the drying cycle.
F3 - Preventive treatment with long-life biocides.
B3 - Biocide treatment to eliminate mosses and lichens (see chemical report).
B4 - Disinfection of the microflora on all the stone parts by means of generalized
washing using distilled water containing 10% Neodesogen.
E3 - Compresses of paper pulp suspended in deionized water applied all the
stone surfaces loaded with soluble salts in order to extract the salts from the
surfaces.
E1 - Dry cleaning of the loose surface deposits on the stone curtains
performed using flat brushes, natural fibre brushes and vacuum cleaners.
E2 - Cleaning of solid deposits and black crusts on the stone curtains and the
vaults using chemical compresses containing a basic solvent mixture and light
rinsing with deionized water combined with light brushing with soft natural brooms
on all the surfaces (taking care to prevent water being absorbed by the blocks).
D2 - Dismantling and replacement of portions of degraded stone curtain
with no mechanical resistance.
F1 - Consolidation of decorated and carved stone materials
(after prior agreement with works management) by applying ethyl silicate. .
C4 - Patching of surface gaps in the stone curtains.
C3 - Repairing of deep gaps in the masonry including possible filling of the cavity
of the internal core with diathon.
C5 - Filling of gaps in the external stone curtains including restoring the continuity
of the wall masonry.
D3 - Stripping and plastering using lime mortar containing acrylic
resin (Primal AC33), sand and stone dust coloured with natural earth of the
bedding of stone blocks.
A - Restoration of structural continuity.
Conservation Techniques
It is planned to perform work to
offset the degradation
phenomena affecting the
structure due specifically to the
presence of water such
as:efflorescence formation,
biological and vegetal attack, all
of which aggravated by the
characteristics of the material of
which the building is composed

Reconstruction of “lacunae”
UNDP Photos/CNR

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Cleaning of the surfaces – Interior and exterior
UNDP Photos

32
Cromatic balance of the internal and external facades
UNDP Photos

TRAINING
From the first phases of the our studies we started
with TRAINING. This activity has been included in the
project in order to give a pool of specialists in the
field of maintenance, restoration and conservation of
historic buildings a professional training.
The opportunity represented by the Bedestan project,
which gathers together numerous experts operating
at the international level in the various disciplines
involved in monument restoration, was taken in
order to start an on-site training process, illustrating
to participants the various phases of fact-finding and
diagnostic investigation leading up to a restoration
project.
United Nations Development Programme This Programme is funded by the EUROPEAN UNION
UNDP Photos/CNR

BEFORE AND AFTER RESTORATION IMAGES
34
UNDP Photo/Kerim BeletUNDP Photo

Before and After
35
UNDP Photos

Before and After
36
UNDP Photos

After
37
UNDP Photo/Kerim Belet

38
After
UNDP PhotosProject for windows, flooring, closure of arches, fencing was designed by UNDP/ UNOPS consultant Mr. Paolo Vitti

After
39

40
After

41
After
UNDP Photos/Kerim Belet

42
After
UNDP Photos/Kerim Belet

Bedestan appears as a particularly
interesting case among the current
problems facing restoration, situated as
it is half way between a disused
building and an archaeological ruin. Its
dual nature leads to its functionality
being recovered in so far as it is
possible to restore it in both structural
and architectural terms, although it also
demands preferential treatment of the
partially ruined elements, which would
have to be viewed by both the
occasional visitor and also perhaps
appreciated by the attentive observer.
REUSE
Image of the flooring from Paolo Vitti

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After completion ….
Photo/Paolo Viiti
UNDP PhotoUNDP Photo/Kerim Belet UNDP Photo/Kerim Belet

4545
After completion …..
UNDP Photos

46
Partnership for the Future This Programme is funded by the EUROPEAN UNION
After completion….
Plastique Fantastique - Life inside and outside the bubble
Photos:http://www.plastique-fantastique.de

47
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Europa Nostra Bedestan - Presentation by UNDP Cyprus Programme Manager Tiziana Zennaro

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