Se toolkit v.1.2.6

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Systems Engineering Toolkit for Infrastructure
Mikela Chatzimichailidou and Jennifer Whyte
Centre for Systems Engineering and Innovation (CSEI)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Toolkit version 1.0 January 2018
csei@imperial.ac.uk
A Faculty of Engineering Centre in the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
@CSEI_imperial
www.imperial.ac.uk/csei
@CSEI_imperial
www.imperial.ac.uk/csei

csei@imperial.ac.uk
What is Systems Engineering for
Infrastructure?
1. User-needs, process models and stage-
specific tools
2. Dependence modelling: Matrix and table-
based tools and methods
3. Modelling languages and Model-Based
Systems Engineering (MBSE)
4. Flow representations and dynamic flow
representations
5. Mathematical systems representation and
analysis
New directions for Infrastructure Systems
Engineering
This toolkit aims to provide:
• an overview of the fundamentals of systems
engineering for delivering infrastructure,
• a set of pointers to the existing resources,
• a starting point for developing new knowledge
about Systems Engineering (SE) and
Infrastructure.

• SE has its origins in Systems Thinking,
encouraging the exploration of inter-
relationships, perspectives and boundaries
when systems encounter complex
situations and require a holistic and
systemic understanding*.
• Developed in aerospace and military to
manage large projects.
• A challenge in its application to
infrastructure is to address the multiple
stakeholders, and the open nature of
systems in infrastructure.
csei@imperial.ac.uk
a) Origins
b) Definitions
c) History of ideas
d) Motivation
e) Systemic aspects
f) Value
g) Best practice
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
*Introductory pieces to Systems Thinking: http://learningforsustainability.net/systems-thinking/

System
Subsystem Subsystem Subsystem
csei@imperial.ac.uk
a) Origins
b) Definitions
c) History of ideas
d) Motivation
e) Systemic aspects
f) Value
g) Best practice
“…an interdisciplinary approach and means to
enable the realization of successful systems.”
(INCOSE 2015)
“…a discipline that concentrates on the design
and application of the whole (system) as distinct
from the parts.” (Ramo & Warfield 1978)
“…an iterative process of top-down synthesis,
development, and operation of a real-world
system.” (Eisner 2008)
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K., Hamelin, R. D., & Shortell, T. M. (2015). Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities. John Wiley & Sons.
Ramo, S., & Warfield, J. N. (1978). The Islands of E, CONO, and MY. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 8(6), 512-512.
Eisner, H. (2008). Essentials of project and systems engineering management. John Wiley & Sons.

a) Origins
b) Definitions
c) History of ideas
d) Motivation
e) Systemic aspects
f) Value
g) Best practice
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk

a) Origins
b) Definitions
c) History of ideas
d) Motivation
e) Systemic aspects
f) Value
g) Best practice
• Coordinate across technical disciplines and system
components.
• Generate data about systems to support the
decision making process. (Johnson 1997)
Interconnectedness & interdependence
• Large unwieldy systems.
• Systems difficult to model or control,
usually developed in isolation and
controlled by different stakeholders.
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
(Masterton et al. 2017),
https://www.ktn-uk.co.uk/news/future-
infrastructure-systems-symposium-review
Johnson, S. B. (1997). Three approaches to big technology: Operations research, systems engineering, and project management. Technology and Culture, 38(4), 891-919.
Masterton, G., Smith, S., Baker, H. R., Rush, D., & Harrison, G. (2017). Exploring Complex Systems at the Heart of Future Infrastructure, University of Edinburgh Report.

a) Origins
b) Definitions
c) History of ideas
d) Motivation
e) Systemic aspects
f) Value
g) Best practice
• Safety, reliability, resilience & security
• Quality assurance
• Human factors engineering
• Training needs analysis
• Environmental engineering/ impact analysis
• Mass properties engineering
• Electromagnetic compatibility
• Value engineering
• Integrated logistics support
• Maintainability
• Producability
• Affordability/Cost-effectiveness
(INCOSE SE BoK 2017; NASA SE Handbook 2007)
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
INCOSE (2017). Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) v1.8, http://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Guide_to_the_Systems_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge_(SEBoK)
NASA (2007). NASA Systems Engineering Handbook Rev1, available online: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_systems_engineering_handbook.pdf

a) Origins
b) Definitions
c) History of ideas
d) Motivation
e) Systemic aspects
f) Value
g) Best practice
• Manages complexity and change as they
escalate in products, services and society.
• Sets a top-level context and brings the right
bodies together early in the process.
• Extends the effort performed in concept
exploration to reduce the risk of hasty
commitments.
• Reduces the risk associated with new systems
or modifications to complex systems.
• Increases impact on innovation; a well-defined
plan is critical to establish and maintain new
inventions.
(INCOSE 2015)
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K., Hamelin, R. D., & Shortell, T. M. (2015). Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities. John Wiley & Sons.
1Improving Delivery of London’s Infrastructure, https://www.london.gov.uk/file/18866/download?token=_cnB8nmX
2Whyte, J. (2016). The future of systems integration within civil infrastructure: A review and directions for research. INCOSE International Symposium, 26(1), 1541-1555.
Berlin Brandenburg
Airport2
Crossrail1

Recent research and best practice:a) Origins
b) Definitions
c) History of ideas
d) Motivation
e) Systemic aspects
f) Value
g) Best practice
 INCOSE Handbook (2015); BoK (2017); –
tools/methods per stage on the life cycle
 ProRail Guidance (2013) – tools/methods per
functionality
 NASA SE Handbook (2007)
 RAEng (2007)
 Blockley and Godfrey (2017)
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk

a) ‘V’ diagram
d) Functional analyses
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
• Identify, structure and
document the requirements
of a system.
• Hierarchical decomposition
of the system functionality.
(ProRail 2013)
Bottom image: US Department of Transport, Federal Highway Administration. Systems Engineering for Intelligent Transportation Systems, https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/seitsguide/section3.htm
ProRail (2013). Guideline for Systems Engineering within the civil engineering infrastructure v3, https://www.leidraadse.nl/assets/files/downloads/LeidraadSE/V3_EN/boek_Leidraad_SE_ENG_3_72dpi-def.pdf

a) ‘V’ diagram
d) Functional analyses
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
(ProRail 2013)
ProRail (2013). Guideline for Systems Engineering within the civil engineering infrastructure v3, https://www.leidraadse.nl/assets/files/downloads/LeidraadSE/V3_EN/boek_Leidraad_SE_ENG_3_72dpi-def.pdf
Faction Analysis
System Technique
Faction Flow
Block Diagram

• Matrices visualise coupled tasks.
• Their display can be manipulated to
emphasise certain features.
• Assess the degree of binding and
coupling to determine architectures
based on the natural structure of the
system.
• Record and aid the management of
interfaces in a system.
• Identify and document the
interconnectivity in a system to help
understand behaviours and provide
guidance for improvement.
csei@imperial.ac.uk
a) Use
b) DSM and N2
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering

The Design Structure Matrix
csei@imperial.ac.uk
(Khudaykova and
Danilovic 2007)
a) Use
b) DSM and N2
*https://www.burgehugheswalsh.co.uk/Uploaded/1/Documents/N2-
Analysis-Tool-Draft.pdf
See also: http://dsmweb.org/ and https://www-edc.eng.cam.ac.uk/cam/
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
• A tool that uses an nxn matrix to
record the interconnections between
system elements – alias N2*.
Khudaykova, T., & Danilovic, M. (2007). System-level based IDM/DSM/DMM Dataset for Multi-Project Coordination. In DSM 2007: Proceedings of the 9th International DSM Conference, Munich, Germany, 16.-18.10.
2007.

• Modelling and simulation practices replace
document-based approaches.
• MBSE is the formalised application of
modelling to support system requirements,
design, analysis, verification and validation
activities from design throughout development
and later life-cycle processes. (Estefan 2007)
• The aim is to improve communication among
stakeholders; enable complexity
management; improve product quality;
enhance knowledge capture; improve ability
to teach and learn SE fundamentals.
(INCOSE 2015)
csei@imperial.ac.uk
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
a) Use
b) SySML
c) MBSE
Estefan, J. A. (2007). Survey of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies. Incose MBSE Focus Group, 25(8).

• Systems Engineering Modelling
Language (SySML): A graphical
modelling language based on UML.
• Supports MBSE.
csei@imperial.ac.uk
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
a) Use
b) SySML
c) MBSE
The 4 pillars of SysML
(Friedenthal et al. 2009)
Friedenthal, S., Moore, A., & Steiner, R. (2009). OMG Systems Modeling Language (OMG SysML™) INCOSE Tutorial, http://www.omgsysml.org/INCOSE-OMGSysML-Tutorial-Final-090901.pdf
(Estefan 2007)
Estefan, J. A. (2007). Survey of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies. INCOSE MBSE Focus Group, 25(8).

csei@imperial.ac.uk
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
a) Use
b) SySML
c) MBSE
IBM Telelogic Harmony-SE: process elements
(Estefan 2007)

csei@imperial.ac.uk
INCOSE Object-Oriented SE Method: activities in the
system development process
(Estefan 2007)
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
a) Use
b) SySML
c) MBSE

a) Influence
b) Systems dynamics
c) Petri net
d) Control theory
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
Stakeholder Influence Map (Burge 2011)
Burge, S. (2011). Stakeholder Influence Map (SIM), https://www.burgehugheswalsh.co.uk/Uploaded/1/Documents/Stakeholder-Influence-Map-Tool-v1.pdf
• Stakeholder influence map: A tool for
capturing the potential stakeholders of a
system and the interactions/influences that
exist between them.

a) Influence
b) Systems dynamics
c) Petri net
d) Control theory
• Applied on system phenomena such as complex social, managerial, economic,
and ecological systems.
• Analyses real continuous system problems in which systems and components are
formulated in coupled and nonlinear ways.
• The causal loop diagram consists of positive and negative reinforcement, which
describe system growths and declines.
• Stock-and-flow (i.e. components and interactions) approach.
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
(Leveson 2011)
Leveson, N. (2011). Engineering a safer world: Systems thinking applied to safety. MIT press.

a) Influence
b) Systems dynamics
c) Petri net
d) Control theory
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
• A graphical tool for the description and analysis of concurrent processes,
which arise in systems with many components.
• Represents discrete dynamic system phenomena.
• Consists of two types of nodes: transitions and places.
• A modelling method that uses applied mathematics.
• State-transition (i.e. event and condition) approach.
Peterson, J. L. (1981). Petri net theory and the modeling of systems. Prentice-Hall.
(Peterson 1981)

a) Influence
b) Systems dynamics
c) Petri net
d) Control theory
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
• Deals with the control of continuously operating dynamical systems in engineered
processes and machines.
• The objective is to develop a control model (control loop) for controlling such
systems using a control action in an optimum manner without delay or overshoot
and ensuring control stability.
• Control loops represent the action of control in process flows (see below).
(Leveson 2011)
Leveson, N. (2011). Engineering a safer world: Systems thinking applied to safety. MIT press.

Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
1/3
Markov chain: A stochastic processes that satisfies the Markov property to model
many different processes and represent transitions between two states of a system at
time t. (Enqvist 2017).
Bayesian network: A probabilistic graphical model to analyse a large amount of
elements in a system; Uses the previous state of system to analyse a distribution of
system states; Permits qualitative and quantitative representation of the relations
between the variables of the model that represents a system. (Hassene et al.).
Monte Carlo: To get probabilities of different outcomes occurring; Assess the impact of
the new system over the existing conditions; Depict and study the interaction between
system components; Validate the designed system. (Ungureanu & Hartmann 2018)
csei@imperial.ac.uk
Enqvist, P. (2017). Systems Engineering, Intro to Markov Chains, Organization and Systems Theory, Lecture notes,
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwiLn5uCwOvXAhXKDMAKHdlFABM
QFgg2MAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkth.instructure.com%2Fcourses%2F3878%2Ffiles%2F535210%2Fdownload%3Fverifier
%3Dxr3NKAFF3BjVY3wC1BXOnaqcn7shlZ7Vntwv4ZuO%26wrap%3D1&usg=AOvVaw1_PIc6We6csm5U5fUJZsDR
El Hassene, A. M., Radouane, L., & Alaa, C. Bayesian networks for the evaluation of complex systems' availability, available
online: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1256/poster1.pdf
Austin, M. F., Homberger, C., Ahalt, V., Doolittle, E., Polacek, G. A., & York, D. M. (2017, July). Applying Bayesian Networks to TRL Assessments–Innovation in Systems Engineering. In INCOSE International
Symposium (Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 1622-1634).
Ungureanu, L., & Hartmann, T. (2018). Civil Systems Engineering: Definition and Concepts, Construction Research
Congress.

Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
Harrison, W. K. (2016). The Role of Graph Theory in System of Systems Engineering. IEEE Access, 4, 1716-1742.
Perelman, L., & Ostfeld, A. (2007). An adaptive heuristic cross-entropy algorithm for optimal design of water distribution systems. Engineering Optimization, 39(4), 413-428.
Dagli, C., & Anderson, M. S. (2007, April). Systems architecting heuristics for systems engineering management and embedded systems engineering. In Systems Conference, 2007 1st Annual IEEE (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
2/3
Graph Theory: Uses mathematical structures to model pairwise relations between
objects; It can introduce robust procedures for designing, testing, and modifying SoS
designs prior to a large investment for building prototypes; Graph algorithms and
databases are tools that may be big players in the SoSE space due to their inherent
extensibility and ability to model relationships; Relationships between systems is
where difficultly lies. (Harrison 2016)
Heuristics: Produces approximate solutions; Used for the optimal design of water
distribution systems. Such a system: (a) is a collection of hydraulic control elements
connected together to convey quantities of water from sources to consumers, (b) can
be described as a graph with the nodes representing the sources and consumers, and
the links representing the connecting elements: pipes, pumps, valves. (Perelman and
Ostfeld 2007); There are systems architecting heuristics that support requirements
development. (Dagli & Anderson 2007)

Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
3/3
Sensitivity Analysis: Studies the impact of input changes (nature and magnitude) on
outputs; Helps understand how much output variation is produced, by varying the
inputs of a system (Shearer et al. 2010); The objective is to calibrate complex models
(Ciuffo and Azevedo 2014) and enhance the validity of the simulation model. (Shearer
et al. 2010)
csei@imperial.ac.uk
Shearer, N., Khasawneh, M., Zhang, J., Bowling, S., & Rabadi, G. (2010, April). Sensitivity analysis of a large-scale system dynamics immigration model. In Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium
(SIEDS), 2010 IEEE (pp. 78-81). IEEE.
Ciuffo, B., & Azevedo, C. L. (2014). A sensitivity-analysis-based approach for the calibration of traffic simulation models. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 15(3), 1298-1309.

a) Modularisation
b) Connect models
c) Support decisions
d) Manage uncertainty
Infrastructure?
1. Matrix and table-based tools and
methods
3. Process models and stage-specific
tools
representations
Engineering
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
• Explore and explain the role of SE in modular manufacturing.
• Identify the challenges of modularisation in systems integration.
• Develop tools for system decomposition and modularisation to be used
early in the design.

a) Modularisation
b) Connect models
Infrastructure?
methods
tools
representations
Engineering
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
• Represent the cyber-physical nature of civil infrastructure through co-
modelling and co-simulations.
• Bring engineering disciplines together to combine data- and
knowledge-driven models.
• Develop demonstrators of model integration and abstract elements and
relationships.
Note: b, c and d cover three aspects of the “Rethinking Infrastructure Systems Engineering” (RISE) programme, starting in May if funded.

a) Modularisation
b) Connect models
Infrastructure?
methods
tools
representations
Engineering
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
• Derive design characteristics for the growing complexity of infrastructure.
• Promote a graphical cloud-supported design space for exploring and
reducing the design space.
• Develop new analysis and design tools that describe and quantify the impact
of alternative design choices on the robustness, stability and resilience of
infrastructure SoS.

a) Modularisation
b) Connect models
Infrastructure?
methods
tools
representations
Engineering
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
csei@imperial.ac.uk
• Develop new techniques to compare model outputs with empirical data
and to visualise systemic consequences.
• Introduce new approaches to quantifying uncertainty and risk.
• Advance new forms of sensitivity analysis and investigate global
approaches for infrastructure projects using co-modelling and co-
simulations.

csei@imperial.ac.uk
Infrastructure?
specific tools
representations
analysis
Engineering
Next steps:
• Transition to version 2.0 organised by project stage (e.g.
planning etc.).
• Keep (do not replace with version 2.0) version 1.0 as an
introduction and orientation to SE in delivering
infrastructure.
• Toolkit assessment through workshops and interviews with
experts from academia and industry.
• Early results from interviews suggest that there is a need to
translate the output of the SE tools into an action plan.

Se toolkit v.1.2.6

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