Thyroid diseases, which are conditions of the thyroid gland, are the topic of this article. Males, women, and children can all develop thyroid diseases, but women are more likely than men to suffer from them, and the likelihood increases with age.

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Thyroid gland disorder: Types (Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism),
sypmtoms, diagnosis, causes, and treatment
July 04, 2022

2. Thyroid diseases, which are conditions of the thyroid gland, are the topic of this article. Males, women,
and children can all develop thyroid diseases, but women are more likely than men to suffer from them,
and the likelihood increases with age.
A little butterfly­shaped gland called the thyroid is located in the neck, immediately in front of the voice
box. It causes the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, to flow via the bloodstream to all of the body's cells and
tissues where they serve as chemical "messengers." These thyroid hormones regulate your body's
"metabolism," or the rate at which it functions. As a result, they have an impact on your breathing, heart
rate, energy level, digestion, body temperature, and even how you feel and think.
Many people have never heard of this little gland, but it has a significant impact on how our bodies
function. Because of this, it's crucial that the body has the proper level of thyroid hormones: if there's
too little, the cells function too slowly, and if there's too much, they function too quickly. By monitoring
the blood levels of thyroid hormones, the brain assists in maintaining levels. When levels of thyroid
hormones are low, the pituitary gland releases Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, also referred to as "TSH,"
to stimulate the thyroid gland to make more thyroid hormones. When thyroid hormone levels are too
high, the brain produces less TSH. Thyroid hormone levels in the blood are often maintained in
equilibrium in this way. The thyroid gland, however, malfunctions in a few people.
Types
Two types of thyroid conditions can be distinguished.
1. The hypothyroidism
2. The hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism

3. A condition known as hypothyroidism, which derives from the Greek word hypothyroidism, which
means "too little thyroid," is one in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism
Others may suffer from hyperthyroidism, which is defined as an overactive thyroid gland with
excessively high thyroid hormone levels. Hyper means "too much" in the Greek language.
Symptoms
The range of hypo­ and hyperthyroidism's symptoms is enormous.
The body's metabolism slows down with hypothyroidism. This can cause symptoms like fatigue, weight
gain, a cold sensation, constipation, dry or thinning hair, muscle weakness and aches, a hoarse voice,

4. "pins and needles" sensation in the hands, slow speech, slow movements, and slow thinking, as well as
low mood and anxiety, memory loss, and concentration issues. If hypothyroidism is not effectively
managed, it can also have an impact on normal growth and development in infants and young children.
With contrast, the body's metabolism quickens in hyperthyroidism. This results in a totally different
sequence of symptoms, including a racing heartbeat, weight loss, trembling and sweating, feeling
uncomfortable heat, diarrhoea, thirst, itching, mood fluctuations, feeling worried and angry, having
trouble concentrating, and restlessness.
Although these symptoms are varied, it is uncommon for someone to have them all, and they could be
overlooked or mistaken for signs of other illnesses. While some people's symptoms are mild and barely
visible, others may find that they significantly affect their everyday lives. Symptoms may appear
suddenly over the course of a few days or gradually over several months or years, depending on the
underlying reason.
A goiter, nodules, or tumors on the thyroid, as well as eye issues (which are most common in patients
with an overactive thyroid and are occasionally referred to as "thyroid eye disease"), are additional side
symptoms of thyroid diseases. Long­term cardiac issues as well as issues with conception and pregnancy
might result from untreated thyroid conditions. Therefore, even if symptoms are modest, it is crucial to
seek a diagnosis.
Diagnosis
Thyroid diseases are identified through physical examinations, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone
levels, and other methods. TSH is often high and T4 is low in hypothyroidism, while TSH is typically
low and T4 is high in hyperthyroidism.
In order to determine the underlying cause, more investigations, such as follow­up blood tests, a thyroid
scan, or even a thyroid biopsy, may be necessary depending on your diagnosis.

5. What Causes Thyroid Conditions?
Rarely, newborns might be born with hypothyroidism if their thyroid glands do not correctly develop or
function. Congenital hypothyroidism is what it is known as, and since all newborns have a blood spot
test to check for it, it is usually always detected early.
A variety of factors, including age, including childhood, can contribute to thyroid diseases. The majority
of them have autoimmune etiology; in common with other autoimmune diseases, the thyroid gland is
either attacked or stimulated by antibodies produced by the body's immune system.
Hashimoto's illness is typically the cause of hypothyroidism, while Graves' disease is typically the cause
of hyperthyroidism. These two conditions may run in families.
o Thyroid nodules: These additional lumps or nodules in the thyroid tissue are often benign (or non­
cancerous), although they can influence the levels of thyroid hormones. Rarely, these nodules will
develop malignancy, necessitating specialised care.
Lodine deficiency is more prevalent in impoverished countries.
o There are a few other, less common causes of thyroiditis, including taking lithium or amiodarone
while pregnant or following an infection. These are often transient.
o Issues with the brain's pituitary gland.
o And as a result of or a side effect from thyroid medication.
Treatment Of Thyroid Conditions

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The major goal of treatment is to maintain healthy blood levels of thyroid hormones. Synthetic thyroid
hormone therapy can be used in place of natural thyroid hormone if levels are too low. Antithyroid
medications can be administered to reduce the thyroid gland's excessive activity if levels are too high.
Treatment for an overactive thyroid can potentially involve surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid
gland, which may also be advised for a goitre or nodules, or ingesting radioiodine capsules, which target
thyroid tissue.
Following these treatments, replacement medication might be required. No of the course of treatment,
it's crucial to have routine blood tests so your doctor can keep track of your thyroid function and change
your dosage as necessary. During pregnancy, this surveillance is particularly crucial.
What Steps Can You Take To Get Better?
It is crucial to take medications as directed, such as at the same time every day and on an empty
stomach. It is advised to live a healthy lifestyle, which includes eating a well­balanced food and quitting
smoking. When it comes to hyperthyroidism and thyroid eye illness, this is very crucial.
Thyroid eye illness is much more common in smokers than in non­smokers. Talking with your doctor,
close friends, and family members can be helpful. Having a thyroid condition can also affect your mood
and sense of wellbeing. Joining patient support groups can be helpful for many people because it allows
them to connect with others who are going through similar things. Despite the fact that these problems
can last a lifetime, the majority of thyroid disorder sufferers lead normal, healthy lives.
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