2.  Historical background of Mars.
 Evidences of water existence on the surface
of Mars:
(1) - Water vapour .
- Mars atmosphere.
- Over the polar cap.
- Over the four big volcanoes.
(2) - Water-ice.
- Polar ice cap.
- Glaciers.
- Frozen Lake in Crater.
- Water- ice cloud.
(3)- The Flowing the water on Mars surface.

3. Mars
Table 1: the difference between the Earth and Mars .
Planets Distance from Period of Period of
the sun (AU) revolutio rotation
n
Earth 1 365 days 24 hours
Mars 1.52 687 days 25 hours

4. North pole
Craters
South pole
Valley
Olympus volcano

5.  1965,1976,2004 and 2008

6.  about (27°C) at morning
to about (-73°C) at
midnight.
 humidity on Mars is very
high.
 The pressure cause flow
the water (Heldmann et
al.,2009).
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~nowack/geos105/lect14-dir/lecture14.htm

7. H2O column density at high northern latitudes for Ls = 93–
100. H2O column density at high northern latitudes for
The maximum column density is 70 pr-um. Ls = 111–115. The maximum column density is 70 pr-um.
H2O column density at high northern latitudes for H2O column density at high northern latitudes for
Ls ¼ 101–105. The maximum column density is 70 pr-um. Ls ¼ 116–120. The maximum column density is 70 pr-um.

8. Olympus
Water
vapour
Olympus Ascraeus Mons
Pavonis Arsia

9. North Pole
Left North Pole Right
South Pole
South Pole

10. Deuteronilus Mensae
Three craters in the
eastern Hellas
region

11.  July,2005.
 Water ice
not dry ice
(Co2).

12.  Mars Color Imager (MARCI).
 Whiteway et al (2009). Cloud on the
surface of Mars
At morning At night
At morning At night

13. 2001-2005
1999-2005

15.  Malin, M, Calvin, W, Cantor, B, Clancy, R, Haberle, R,
James, P, Thomas, P, Wolff, M, Bell, J & W.Lee, S 2008,
‘Climate, weather, and north polar observations from the
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Color Imager’, Icarus,
vol.194, no. , pp501-512, accessed in 20-01-2011.
 The Jackson School of Geosciences, 2008, Glaciers on
Mars: Scientists Discover Concealed Glaciers on Mars at
Mid-Latitudes, The University of Texas at Austin, accessed
in 24-01-2011,
http://geology.com/research/glaciers-on-mars.shtml
 Seiff, A. and Kirk, D. (1977).
"Structure of the atmosphere of Mars in summer at mid-latitudes"
(abstract only). Journal of Geophysical Research,
82(28):4364–4378.

16.  http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~nowack/geos105/lect14-dir/lecture14.htm
 http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug06/cataclysmDynamics.html
 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7047/pdf/nature03640.pdf
 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html
 http://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/mars_poles_image_
gallery.html
 http://geology.com/research/glaciers-on-mars.shtml
 http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr121/marsImages.html
 http://themis.mars.asu.edu/feature/15
 http://themis.mars.asu.edu/discoveries
 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1689.full