2. Surgical Site Infection
• Surgical wound
Infection =< 30 days
of surgery (or within
a year in the case of
implants)
• 3rd most common
nosocomial infection
5. 1. Stitch abscess (minimal inflammation and
discharge confined to the points of suture
penetration).
2. Infection of an episiotomy or newborn
circumcision site.
3. Infected burn wound.
Non- SSI:
6.
7. Deep incisional surgical
site infections
< 30 days of procedure (or
one year in the case of
implants)
are related to the procedure
involve deep soft tissues,
such as the fascia and
muscles.
8.
9.
10. Further Classification
• According to Etiology
a) Primary
The wound is the primary site of
infection
b)Secondary
Infection arises following a complication
that is not directly related to wound
11. • According to Time
a) Early
Infection presents within 30 days of
procedure
b) Intermediate
Occurs between one and three months
c) Late
Presents more than three months after
surgery
12. • According to Severity
a) Minor
Wound infection is described as minor
when there is discharge without cellulitis or
deep tissue destruction
b) Major
When there is pus discharge with tissue
breakdown , Partial or total dehiscence of
the deep fascial layers of wound or if
systemic illness is present.
21. Preoperative antiseptic showering
Decreases skin microbial colony counts
No evidance of benefit to reduce SSI rates
Preoperative hair removal
Shaving:
@ immediately before the operation: SSI rates 3.1%
@ shaving within 24 hours preoperatively: 7.1%
@ having performed >24 hours: SSI rate > 20%.
Depilatories:
@ lower SSI risk than shaving or clipping
@ hypersensitivity reactions
22. Patient skin preparation in the operating room
Most common used: Alcohol solutions
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Iodophors
Preoperative hand/forearm antisepsis
23. Antimicrobial prophylaxis
1. Administer a prophylactic antimicrobial agent only when indicated, and
select it based on its efficacy agains the most common pathogens causing
SSI for a specifi operation and published recommendations.Category IA
2. Administer by the intravenous route the initialdose of prophylactic
antimicrobial agent, timed such that a bactericidal concentration of the drug
is established in serum and tissues when the incision is made. Maintain
therapeutic levels of the agent in serum and tissues throughout the
operation and until, at most, a few hours after the incision is closed in the
operating room. Category IA
3. Before elective colorectal operations in addition to d2 above, mechanically
prepare the colon by use of enemas and cathartic agents. Administer
nonabsorbable oral antimicrobial agents in divided doses on the day before
the operation. Category IA
4. For high-risk cesarean section, administer the prophylactic antimicrobial
agent immediately after the umbilical cord is clamped. Category IA
5. Do not routinely use vancomycin for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Category IB
24. Prophylactic antibiotics
• Class 1 = Clean
• Class 2 = Clean contaminated
• Class 3 = Contaminated
• Class 4 = Dirty infected
Prophylactic
antibiotics
indicated
Therapeutic antibiotics
27. Operating room environment
Ventilation
@ Positive pressure with respect to corridors and
adjacent areas
Environmental surfaces
@ Rarely implicated as the sources of pathogens
important in the development of SSIs.
@ Important to perform routine cleaning of these surfaces
Conventional sterilization of surgical instruments
@ Inadequate sterilization of surgical instruments has
resulted in SSI outbreaks
28. Surgical attire and drapes
The use of barriers:
@ patient: minimize exposure to the skin, mucous
membranes, or hair of surgical team members
@ surgical team members: protect from exposure to
blood and bloodborne pathogens.
Asepsis and surgical technique
Rigorous adherence to the principles of asepsis by all scrubbed
personnel
Excellent surgical technique: reduce the risk of SSI.
Drains: increase incisional SSI risk.
29. Postoperative issues
• Incision care
– The type of postoperative incision care
– closed primarily: the incision is usually covered
– with a sterile dressing for 24 to 48 hours.
– left open to be closed later: the incision is packed
– with a sterile dressing.
– left open to heal by second intention: packed with
– sterile moist gauze and covered with a sterile
– dressing.
30. Efflux of purulent material and pus
Fascia is intact:
debridement
Irrigated with N/S and
packed to its base with saline-moistened gauze
Fascia separated: drainage or reoperation
Most SSIs: healing by secondary intention
Treatment
31. The intent of discharge planning:
maintain integrity of the healing incision,
educate the patient about the signs and symptoms
of infection,
advise the patient about whom to contact to report
any problems.
When to Discharge ???