Criminal Justice A Brief IntroductionThirteenth Edition.docx

Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 11
Prisons and Jails
Copyright © 2020, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All
Rights Reserved
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A Brief History of Prisons (1 of 6)
• Prisons as punishment—a fairly new development
• Prior to prisons, early punishments often cruel and
torturous
– Flogging, mutilation, branding, etc.
– British convicts often exiled to American
colonies or Australia
• Workhouses housed debtors, unemployed, vagrants
(not criminals)
• Incarceration dates back to the Middle Ages

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• The Penitentiary Era (1790)
– Pennsylvania system used solitary confinement,
Bible study—emphasis on penance
– Philosophy of rehabilitation, deterrence
• The Mass Prison Era (1825)
– Auburn system—congregate/silent system
– Philosophy of incapacitation, deterrence
– Congregate system cheaper than solitary
system
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• The Reformatory Era (1876)
– Indeterminate sentencing, earned early release
– Elmira Reformatory
– Philosophy of rehabilitation
• The Industrial Era (1890)
– Inmate labor, prison industries
– Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935) ended prison
industries

– Philosophy of incapacitation, restoration
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• The Punitive Era (1935)
– Prisoners owed a debt to society, paid through
rigorous period of confinement
– Emphasis on custody, institutional security
– Philosophy of retribution
• The Treatment Era (1945)
– Medical model of corrections
– Philosophy of rehabilitation
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• The Community Corrections Era (1967)
– Moved away from institutionalization toward
reformation in the community
– Philosophy of restoration, rehabilitation
• The Warehousing Era (1980)
– Period of mass imprisonment, led to prison

overcrowding problems
– Philosophy of incapacitation
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• The Just Deserts Era (1995)
– Emphasis on individual responsibility
– Get-tough initiatives
– Philosophy of retribution, incapacitation,
deterrence
• The Evidence-Based Era (2012)
– Rational, science-based approach to corrections
– Philosophy of cost-effective solutions to
correctional issues
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Prisons Today (1 of 2)
• Approximately 1,719 state prisons and 102 federal
prisons in operation
– Growth of prison population slowing
– Imprisonment rate for males almost 14 times

higher than rate for females
• Incarceration rates high despite declining crime
rates
• Use of imprisonment varies by state
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Prisons Today (2 of 2)
• Typical state prison system
– 1 high-security prison
– 1 or more medium security institutions
– 1 separate institution for adult women
– 1–2 institutions for young adults
– 1–2 specialized mental hospital-type security
prisons
– 1 or more open-type institutions
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Figure 11.2 State Prison Populations,
1925–2017
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Figure 11.3 Rates of Imprisonment in
the United States
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Prisoners Today
• Most people sentenced to state prisons were
convicted of violent crimes
• Most people sentenced to federal prison were
convicted of drug law violations
• Huge disparity between blacks and whites in prison
– Incarceration rate for black men is seven times
greater than the figure for white men
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Figure 11.4 State Prisoners by
Gender and Type of Crime, 2016
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Prison Issues

• The just deserts philosophy led to substantial and
continued increases in the American prison
population, even as crime rates were dropping
• Creates serious problems for prison administrators
today
• Beginning in 2011-2012, the growth of prison
populations began to decline in state prisons
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Overcrowding (1 of 3)
• Overcrowding is still a problem in many state and
federal prisons, despite new prison construction
and decline in use of imprisonment
• Federal system has some of the most crowded
prisons
• Prison capacity
– The size of the correctional population an
institution can effectively hold
– Multiple definitions of capacity developed
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• Rated capacity
– The number of inmates a prison can handle,
according to experts (yields highest capacities)
• Operational capacity
– The number of inmates a prison can effectively
accommodate, based on management
considerations
• Design capacity
– The number of inmates a prison originally built
to hold
– Typically shows highest amount of overcrowding
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• Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)
– Overcrowding alone is not cruel and unusual
punishment
• Totality-of-conditions approach
– Overcrowding combined with other negative
conditions may lead to a finding against a prison
system

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Selective Incapacitation: A Strategy
to Reduce Prison Populations
• Collective Incapacitation
– Found in states that rely on predetermined, or
fixed, sentences
• Selective Incapacitation
– Seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals
with the goal of removing them from society
– Assessment of dangerousness is key
– Increased use due to state budget problems
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Security Levels (1 of 3)
• Maximum security
– Often massive old buildings with large
populations
– High fences, thick walls, secure cells, gun
towers, armed prison guards
– Use of technological innovations increasing
– Death-row inmates all maximum-security

prisoners
• Most states have one centrally located maximum
security prison that may also include medium
security facilities
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• Medium security
– Inmates have more freedom to associate with
each other
– Less intense supervision than maximum security
– Key tool is the count, taken at regular intervals
– Tends to be smaller than maximum-security
prisons
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• Minimum security
– Inmates generally housed in dormitory-like
settings
– More freedom to move about the prison facility

– May have private rooms
– Unarmed guards
• The typical American prison today is medium or
minimum custody
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Prison Classification Systems (1 of 2)
• Classification system assigns inmates to custody
levels based on offense, assessed dangerousness,
escape risk
• Initial/external classification determines the
institution an offender is placed in
• Internal classification determines housing and
program assignment within that institution
• Principal management tool to efficiently allocate
scarce resources and minimize potential for
violence/escape
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Prison Classification Systems (2 of 2)
• Adult internal management system (A I M S)—
assesses inmate’s predatory potential using

– Record of misconduct
– Ability to follow staff directions
– Level of aggression toward other inmates
• Classification criteria must be relevant to
institution’s legitimate security needs
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The Federal Prison System (1 of 2)
• Five security levels
– Administrative maximum (ADMAX)
– High security (U S P s)
– Medium security (F C I s)
– Low security (F C I s)
– Minimum security (F P C s)
• Administrative facilities—metropolitan detention
centers (jails) and medical centers
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The Federal Prison System (2 of 2)
• Federal correctional complexes
– Sites consisting of several types of correctional
institutions

• One ADMAX unit, located in Florence, CO
• Inmates may be required to pay costs associated
with incarceration if they can afford it
– Collected funds used to improve alcohol- and
drug-abuse programs in federal prisons
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Figure 11.6 Federal Bureau of Prisons
Facility Locator
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The Growth of Federal Prisons
• The federal prison population more than doubled
between 1980 and 1989, and doubled again during
the 1990s
• Continued to grow during early twenty-first century
• Population is decreasing but federal prisons are still
overcrowded
• Main issue is increase in expected time served by
drug offenders

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Figure 11.7 Federal Prison Population by
Offense, 2018
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Recent Improvements
• A C A Commission on Accreditation
– Developed a set of standards correctional
institutions can use for self-evaluations
– Institutions meeting them can apply for
accreditation
• National Academy of Corrections
– Offers training for corrections personnel and
legislators
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Jails (1 of 5)
• Locally operated short-term confinement facilities

• Administered by local government agency
• Intended for adults but sometimes also contain
juveniles
• Jails hold people who are being detained pending
trial or who were committed after trial, usually
those sentenced to a year or less
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Jails (2 of 5)
• Purposes of jails
– Hold individuals for trial, conviction, sentencing
– Readmit probation, parole, and bail violators
– Detain juveniles, mentally ill, others pending
transfer
– Hold individuals for the military, protective
custody, contempt of court
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Jails (3 of 5)
• Purposes of jails
– Release inmates upon completion of sentence
– Transfer inmates to federal, state, or other

authorities
– House inmates for federal, state, or other
authorities
– Operate community-based programs
– Hold inmates sentenced to short terms (under
one year)
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Jails (4 of 5)
• Jails hold 740,700 inmates, 14.5% of which are
women
– 60% are unconvicted
– Jail authorities also supervise people in the
community
• 3,283 jails operate in the United States with about
226,300 employees
• Average annual housing of one inmate is over
$14,500
• Some inmates stay in jail for only one day, others
for extended periods of time

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Jails (5 of 5)
• Typical jail inmate is an unmarried black male between 25
and 34 with some high school education
• Most common charges include drug trafficking, assault,
drug possession, and larceny
• About 6% of jail facilities house almost half of all inmates
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Women and Jail (1 of 2)
• 14% of jail population are women—largest growth
group in jails nationwide
• Problems faced by jailed women
– Lack of classification system for women
– Lack of facilities geared for female offenders
– Education levels are low
– Drug abuse
– Pregnancy and lack of medical programs
– Child support
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Women and Jail (2 of 2)
• Women working in corrections
– 22% of correctional officers are women
– Deployment of female personnel
disproportionately skewed to lower rank jobs
– 60% of support staff are women but only 1 in 10
chief administers are female
– Women do have equal footing with male staffers
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The Growth of Jails
• Jails are called the “shame of the criminal justice
system”
– Many old, poorly funded, understaffed,
employees underpaid, poorly trained
– Low priority in local budgets
• Overcrowding still a problem
• Diversion to community-based programs can help
contain jail population growth
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Direct-Supervision Jails
• Modular self-contained housing areas (pods) linked
to each other
• Eliminates many of the traditional barriers between
inmates and staff
• Reduces inmate dissatisfaction, violence, likelihood
of inmate victimization
• Higher staff morale, lower stress
• Less susceptible to inmate lawsuits
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Jails and the Future (1 of 2)
• Jails receive relatively little attention from the
media
• Have generally escaped public scrutiny
• National efforts are underway to improve the
quality of jail life
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Jails and the Future (2 of 2)

• Jail industries
– Teach inmates marketable skills
• Regional jails
– Built and run using the combined resources of a
variety of local jurisdictions
• State jail standards
– Identify basic minimum conditions necessary for
inmate health and safety
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Private Prisons (1 of 3)
• Privatization
– Use of private rather than government-run
prisons
– Movement began in early 1980s
• Private prisons
– Held 7% of state and 18% of federal prisoners at
start of 2017
– Annual growth rate of private prison industry
around 35%

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• States use private prisons to reduce overcrowding,
lower operating expenses, avoid lawsuits targeted
at state officials and employees
• Some studies show private prisons may not
produce the cost savings that have been
anticipated
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• Barriers to privatization
– Old state laws prohibiting private involvement in
correctional management
– Strikes by private correctional officers
– State’s liability will not transfer to private
corrections
– Legal issues when states contract to hold
inmates outside their own jurisdiction

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Copyright
Criminal Justice: A Brief IntroductionA Brief History of
Prisons (1 of 6)A Brief History of Prisons (2 of 6)A Brief
History of Prisons (3 of 6)A Brief History of Prisons (4 of 6)A
Brief History of Prisons (5 of 6)A Brief History of Prisons (6 of
6)Prisons Today (1 of 2)Prisons Today (2 of 2)Figure 11.2 State
Prison Populations, 1925–2017Figure 11.3 Rates of
Imprisonment in the United StatesPrisoners TodayFigure 11.4
State Prisoners by Gender and Type of Crime, 2016Prison
IssuesOvercrowding (1 of 3)Overcrowding (2 of
3)Overcrowding (3 of 3)Slide 18Security Levels (1 of
3)Security Levels (2 of 3)Security Levels (3 of 3)Prison
Classification Systems (1 of 2)Prison Classification Systems (2
of 2)The Federal Prison System (1 of 2)The Federal Prison
System (2 of 2)Figure 11.6 Federal Bureau of Prisons Facility
LocatorThe Growth of Federal PrisonsFigure 11.7 Federal
Prison Population by Offense, 2018Recent ImprovementsJails (1
of 5)Jails (2 of 5)Jails (3 of 5)Jails (4 of 5)Jails (5 of 5)Women
and Jail (1 of 2)Women and Jail (2 of 2)The Growth of
JailsDirect-Supervision JailsJails and the Future (1 of 2)Jails
and the Future (2 of 2)Private Prisons (1 of 3)Private Prisons (2
of 3)Private Prisons (3 of 3)Copyright

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