This presentation consists about functional, aesthetic and recreational values of turfgrasses which can be effectively utilized in urban landscape

1. February 16, 2020 1Dept of FLA

2. February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 2

3. February 16, 2020 3Dept of FLA

4. Role of Turfgrasses in Urban landscape
ON
Presented by
Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture
KITTUR RANI CHANNAMMA COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, ARABHAVI
February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 4

5. CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of Grasses
Functional benefits of turfgrasses in urban areas
Aesthetic and recreational benefits in urban areas
Case studies
Conclusion
February 16, 2020 5Dept of FLA

6. INTRODUCTION
 Grasses are monocotyledonous plants belongs
to the family graminae or poaceae
The grass family includes approximately 10,000
species classified into 600-700 genera. (Janikiram
et. al., 2015).
Turf grasses are plants that form a more or less
continuous ground cover that persist under regular
mowing and traffic (Turgeon, 2006).
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7. Grasses
Warm seasonCool season
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8. Annual ryegrass
(Lolium multiflorum)
Bent grass
(Agrotis palustriss)
Red fescue
(Fescuta rubra)
Kentucky bluegrass
(Poa pratensis)
Rough bluegrass
(Poa annua)
Perrenial ryegrass
(Lolium perenne)
Cool season grasses
February 16, 2020 8Dept of FLA

9. Bermuda grass
(Cynodon dactylon)
Buffalo grass
(Buchelo dactyloides)
St. Augustine grass
(Stenotaphrum secundatum)
Manila grass
(Zoysia matrella)
Seashore paspalum
(Paspalum vaginatum)
Mexican grass
(Zoysia japonica)
9
Warm season grasses
February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA

10. Major categories of uses
1. Residential use: Private homes, Estates, Apartments, complexes and campuses.
2. Commercial use: Corporate landscapes, Shopping centers and Office buildings.
3. Municipal use: Civil buildings, Community centers, highway dividers and Airport.
4. Recreational use: Golf courses, Country clubs, Stadium and Athletic fields.
10February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA

11. Functional
 Soil erosion
 Dust prevention
 Heat dissipation
 Noise abatement
 Glare reduction
 Air pollution
control
 Nuisance animal
reduction
BENEFITS OF TURFGRASSES
Recreational
Low cost surfaces
Physical health
Mental health
Safety
Spectator
entertainment
Aesthetic
Beauty
Quality of life
Mental health
Social harmony
Community pride
Increased property
values
Compliments trees
and shrubs in
landscape
February 16, 2020 11Dept of FLA

12. FUNCTIONAL BENEFITS OF TURFGRASS
IN URBAN AREAS
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13. Soil degradation in India is estimated to be occurring on 147
million hectares (m ha) of land.
Kurrey et al. (2016)
February 16, 2020 13Dept of FLA
Fig:1 Status of soil erosion or land degradation in India

14.  India is losing 5,334 million tonnes of soil every
year due to soil erosion.
 About one millimeter of top soil is being lost each
year
 The rate of loss is 16.4 tonnes per hectare every year
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Source : Central Soil Water Conservation Research and Training Institute
(CSWCRTI), Dehradun.

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Human factors in soil erosion

16. If there’s any area of your yard that isn’t
covered with grasses or any vegetation, did
you witness what happens during a heavy
rain?
Soil erosion and turfgrasses
February 16, 2020 16Dept of FLA
Lawns trap stormwater runoff

17.  Gross et. al. (1991) reported sediment losses of 10-60 kg /ha from turfgrass
plots during a 30 min storm that produced 76 mm/h of rainfall; soil loss from
bare soil plots averaged 223 kg/ha.
 Grass binds the soil more effectively than any other plant. The reason is that
each grass plant has an extensive root system. Up to 90% of the weight of a
grass plant is in its roots
Turfgrass is the best defense against soil erosion
February 16, 2020 17Dept of FLA

18. Maryland Agricultural Statistics Service, The Lawn
Institute – www.TheLawnInstitute.org
Erosion of soil by rain water is effectively controlled by grasses
as they intercept raindrops before they disturb the soil and they
also slow the flow of water which minimizes soil loss.
Healthy turf areas
absorb rainfall 6 times
more effectively than a
wheat field and 4 times
better than a hay field.
February 16, 2020 18Dept of FLA

19. Table 1. Effectiveness of various groundcovers in reducing runoff and soil
erosion for simulated rain event (3.78in/ha) at University of Maryland’s turf
grass research station.
February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 19
(Brady and Weil,1999)
Material Soil loss (tons/acre) % of Rainfall
Runoff
• Bare soil with partial cover 2.97 83
• Woven mesh 0.18 61
• Wood shaven in non-woven
polyester netting
0.36 69
• Coconut fiber mat 0.48 58
• Straw 0.26 76
• Grass sod 0.04 10

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Rain gardenRestoration of Mined areas

21. Lawns improve the soil structure
Grass keeps the soil structure loose and open, with plenty of
pores for water to soak down into.
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High proportion of the world’s most fertile soils has been developed under vegetative
cover grass (Gould, 1968).

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Air pollution is linked
to higher rates of
cancer, heart disease,
stroke and respiratory
diseases such as asthma
IMAGES OF MENTIONED DISEASES
PM10 and PM2.5 pose higher health risks because they can be breathed deeply
into the lungs and may get into the blood stream.
Christina Nunez (National Geography)
Turfgrass and Air pollution

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24. February 16, 2020 24Dept of FLA
Sourse :World Air Quality Report and Greenpeace

25. February 16, 2020 25Dept of FLA
It is well known that trees, shrubs and other natural vegetation in urban areas
reduce air contaminant levels and by extensions like green wall and green roof,
air quality and the overall experience of health and well-being of humans living
in urban areas can be increased (Nowak et al., 1998).
 Johnson and Newton (1996) estimated that 2,000 m2 of un-mowed grass on a
roof could remove as much as 4,000 kg of particulates from their leaves and
stems .
 1 m2 of uncut grass on a roof would provide enough oxygen to meet the needs
of one person over 1 year (Minke and Witter, 1982).

26. “Just one acre of grass can absorb hundreds of pounds of
fossil-fuel created sulfur dioxide in a single year.”
Grass also takes in hydrogen fluoride and peroxyacetyl nitrate the
worst group of atmospheric pollutants.
February 16, 2020 26Dept of FLA
The Lawn Institute – www.The Lawn
Institute.org

27. February 16, 2020 27Dept of FLA
Urban Ecosyst (2008) 11:409–422
Estimates of air pollution mitigation with green
plants and green roofs using the UFORE model
Beth Anne Currie & Brad Bass
Objective : To investigate the effect of green roofs and green walls
on air pollution mitigation in urban Toronto
Case Study-1

28. February 16, 2020 28Dept of FLA
• The research looked at the synergistic effects on air pollution mitigation of
different combinations of vegetation by manipulating quantities of trees, shrubs,
green roofs and green walls in the study area.
• The effects of these manipulations were simulated with the Urban Forest Effects
(UFORE) model developed by the USDA Forest Service Northeastern Regional
Station.
• UFORE-D: Dry Deposition of Air Pollution, which quantifies hourly removal of
air pollutants by the urban forest and associated percent improvement in air
quality.
• UFORE calculations are based on
a. Vegetation cover data
b. Hourly weather data
c. Hourly Pollution concentration data
• Pollution removal is calculated for O3, SO2,
NO2 and PM10.

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 Scenario 1
Baseline This scenario consist existing trees and shrubs in Midtown.
 Scenario 2
Green Walls in this scenario existing trees and shrubs were removed and
vertical “hedges” or walls of Juniper species were added within 3 m of
residential (medium and low) houses.
 Scenario 3
No big trees in this scenario all big trees with a diameter-at-breast-height
greater than 22 cm were removed and was considered as a potential smart
growth scenario.
Vegetation scenarios

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 Scenario 4
No trees in this scenario all trees are removed, and the existing shrubs were
augmented with intensive green roofs on flat roof surfaces (represented 20% of
Midtown roofs in total).
 Scenario 5
Trees off Buildings in this scenario trees that provided shade to buildings (within 3–
5 m) were removed as occurs in many urban areas with higher densities.
 Scenario 6
Trees Low Residential in this scenario baseline trees and shrubs were augmented
with grass on flat roof surfaces (represented 20% of Midtown roofs in total) such as
commercial, high residential and institutional buildings.
 Scenario 7
Grass roofs in this baseline trees and shrubs were augmented with grass on all
available roof surface areas across Midtown.

31. February 16, 2020 31Dept of FLA
Fig 1: Total NO2 (a) and O3 (b) removal(Mg) by trees, shrubs and grass in Midtown
per annum
(a) (b)
Currie and Bass(2008)

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Fig 2: Total PM10 (a)and SO2 (b) removal(Mg) by trees, shrubs and grass in
Midtown per annum
(a) (b)
Currie and Bass(2008)

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Turfgrass and Carbon sequestration
European Commision (JRC); Netherlands Environment Assessment Agency(PBL)

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Dept of FLA
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Turfgrasses act as a Carbon sink, absorbing more CO2 than they release,
resulting in C-sequestration..
Turfgrasses have a variety of plant structures that may also affect Carbon
dynamics in the plant. For example, they have specialized stems growing above
(stolons) or below (rhizomes) ground. These prostrate, spreading stems produce
roots, tillers, and leaves, and are act as a storage organ for carbohydrates

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Fig 3: CENTURY – simulated soil organic C before and after establishment of
fairway turfgrass in Fort Collins and Danver in three different soils
The CENTURY model simulations in scenarios of this research indicate that
turfgrass systems serve as a sink for atmospheric C for approximately 30 to 40
year after establishment at approximately 0.9 to 1.2 Mg/ha/yrBandaranayake et al., 2003

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Case Study-2
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2016, 4, 53-63
Carbon Sequestration under Warm Season
Turfgrasses in Home Lawns
Said A. Hamido , E. A. Guertal, C. Wesley Wood
Objective: To estimate the effect of turfgrass species and soil
depth on carbon sequestration.

37. 1. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.)
2. Centipede grass (Erecholmoa ophroides (Munroe) Hack.)
3. Zoysia grass (Zoysia spp.).
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• This two-year study (2012 and 2013) was conducted on randomly selected home
lawns located in Auburn, AL (32.598˚N, 85.481˚W).
• Six replications of each turfgrass species were sampled
• Sequestered C was calculated by formula given below
where:
% C = Mean percent of carbon content in soil
BD = Mean bulk density (in Mg·m−3)
D = Soil depth (m)
• Stored C in biomass was calculated using C% and dry mass as
follows:
C (Mg /ha) = (%C /100)∗BD∗D∗(10000 m2 /ha)
C (Mg /ha) = (%C /100)×dry mass (Mg/ha )

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Fig 4: Results of the experiment :(a)Carbon sequestration(Mg/ha/yr) in soil as affected by
turfgrass species and soil depth; (b)Effect of grass species and soil depth on carbon
sequestration (Kg/ha/yr)in grass root
Hamido et al. (2016)
(a) (b)

39.  Grasses in the United States traps an estimated 12
million tons of dust and dirt released annually into the
atmosphere.
Dust prevention
Grassed areas significantly lower the levels
of
atmospheric dust and pollutants.
February 16, 2020 39Dept of FLA
The Lawn Institute – www.The
LawnInstitute.org

40. February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 40

41.  Turfgrass plays an important part in controlling our climate.
 Turf cools itself and its surroundings by the evapo-transpiration
process.
 Roughly 50% of the sun's heat striking
the turf may be eliminated through
this transpirational cooling process.
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Turfgrass and Temperature Modification
Transpiration cooling

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Lawns keep you cooler and may save you money
Not only it keep your yard cooler, but it also make you
to pay less for your AC bill, too.
The transpirational cooling effect of green turfs and landscapes can save energy by reductions
in the energy input required for interior mechanical cooling of adjacent homes and buildings
(Johns and Beard, 1985).

43. Type of surface Maximum daytime
surface temperature
Minimum nocturnal
surface temperature
Green growing
Cynodon turf
31°C 24°C
Dry bare soil 39°C 26°C
Dry synthetic turf 70°C 29°C
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Table2 : Temperature comparisons of three types of surfaces on August 20 in College
Station, TX
Maximum daily canopy temperatures of a green, growing Cynodon turf
(Bermuda grass) was found to be 8 °C cooler than a dry bare soil and 39 °C
cooler than a synthetic surface.
(Beard et al.,1994)

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Objective: To investigate the evaporative cooling effect from roof lawn
gardens which is one mode of passive cooling
Case Study-3

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Schematic diagram of the roof lawn sample.
Asphalt membrane
8 c.m. mortar
15 c.m. concrete
Slab
Onmura et al., (2000)

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Fig. 5 : Results of field measurement: (a) surface temperatures of concrete slabs and outdoor
air temperature; (b) relative humidity of outdoor air; (c) solar radiation and rainfall.
Onmura et al. (2000)
Case A – Concrete slab with sample
Case B- Concrete salb without sample

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Fig. 6 : Comparison of concrete slab surface temperatures (Cases A and B): (a)
temperature weather (12 August); (b) cloudy weather (20 August)
(Fig:1) (Fig:2)
Onmura et al., (2000)
Case A – Concrete slab with sample
Case B- Concrete salb without sample

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s
This study is focused on determining the effectiveness of the existing green
roof in reducing the ambient temperature, humidity and air pollutants in
improving air quality in urban cities.
Case Study - 4

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Side view of green roof Aerial view of sample data collection
The probe is set up 300mm above to
collection data

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Figure 7: Comparison of temperature between green roof and open roof
Figure 8: Comparison of Humidity of green roof and open roof without vegetation
Sohaili et al.(2018)

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Figure 10 : The amount of NO2 in the air on green roof and open roof
SO2(mg/m3)NO2(mg/m3)
Sohaili et al.(2018)
Figure 9: The amount of SO2 in the air on green roof and open roof

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CO(mg/m3)
Figure 11 : The amount of CO in the air on green roof and open roof
Figure 12 : The amount of O3 in the air on green roof and open roof
O3(mg/m3)
Sohaili et al.(2018)

53.  Turfgrasses have superior capacity to trap and hold runoff , which results in
more water infiltration through the soil-turfgrass ecosystem.
 Rain water filtered through turfgrass is found to be 10 times less acidic than
water running off a hard surface.
 Turfgrass ecosystems can support abundant populations of earthworms,
Earthworm activity increases the amount of macropore space within the soil that
results in higher soil water infiltration rates and water-retention capacity (Lee,
1985).
February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 53
The Lawn Institute – www.The LawnInstitute.org
Turfgrass increase Ground water Recharge and
Surface water Quality

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Water purification
The runoff water and sediment that occurs
from impervious surfaces in urban areas
carries many pollutants, including metals
such as Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn; hydrocarbon
compounds and household and industrial
hazardous wastes.

55. • Turfgrasses can be designed for the
catchment and filtration of these polluted
runoff waters (Schuyler, 1987).
• Turfgrass ecosystem microflora constitute the largest proportion of the
decomposers.
• These organisms offer one of the most active biological systems for the
degradation of traped chemicals and pesticides.
• Ten percent of U.S. golf courses are already using effluent water for their
turfgrass irrigation.(Beltrao et al.,2009)
February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 55February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA

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Objective:
• To investigate phytoextraction of heavy metals by Lolium perenne L. from
municipal solid waste compost following EDTA application
• To study the effect of L. perenne and permeable barriers on preventing metal
from leaching
Case Study- 5

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Treatments
(1) Control – Only EDTA at a rate of 10
mmol/ kg compost without any turf and
barrier
(2) Turf + no EDTA
(3) Turf + EDTA @ 5 mmol/ kg compost
(4) Turf + EDTA @ 10 mmol/ kg compost
(5) Turf + EDTA @ 5 mmol/ kg compost +
barrier
(6) Turf + EDTA @ 10 mmol/ kg compost +
barrier
Barriers used - Sawdust, zeolite, and vermiculite
Soil
MSW
Barrier
Lolium grass
Zhao et al. (2011)
Column experiment

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Table 3 : Shoot biomass and heavy metal concentration
amounts in the column experiment.
EDTA treatments Shoot biomass Heavy metal concentrations (mg kg—1) He
1) (mmol kg—1) (gcolumn—1)
Cu Zn Cd Pb Cu
0 1.51 ± 0.25ab,A 37 ± 5b 259 ± 34.1b NdB 4.5 ± 1.3c 55
5 1.68 ± 0.24a 95 ± 22a 326 ± 28.8b 0.21 ± 0.06b 11.9 ± 5.3b 161
10 1.43 ± 0.09ab 118 ± 38a 313 ± 39.6b 0.43 ± 0.10a 14.7 ± 3.3b 168
5 + barrier 1.39 ± 0.09ab 122 ± 29a 521 ± 68.5a 0.19 ± 0.10b 29.9 ± 1.8a 168
10 + barrier 1.33 ± 0.05b 155 ± 48a 541 ± 53.1a 0.32 ± 0.07ab 33.5 ± 1.8a 207
Zhao et al. (2011)

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Initial heavy metal amounts
in the compost (mg)
EDTA treatments
(mmol kg—1)
Total heavy metal
the leachates (mg)
amounts in Percentage
leached (%)
Cu (124.1) EDTA 0 0.07 ± 0.001a,A 0.06 ±0.001a
EDTA 5 13.1 ±1.37c 10.5 ±1.10c
EDTA 10 22.0 ±4.48d 17.7 ±3.61d
EDTA 10 no plants 33.9 ±0.56e 27.3 ±0.45e
EDTA 5 with barriers 7.35 ±0.86b 5.92 ±0.69b
EDTA 10 with barriers 10.1 ±1.88bc 8.16 ±1.51bc
Zn (258.1) EDTA 0 10.8 ±1.02a 4.19 ±0.39a
EDTA 5 44.6 ±3.8c 17.3 ±1.48c
EDTA 10 48.9 ±3.85d 18.9 ±1.49d
EDTA 10 no plant 65.1 ±1.65e 25.2 ±0.64e
EDTA 5 with barriers 19.8 ±0.12b 7.65 ±0.04b
EDTA 10 with barriers 20.8 ±1.03b 8.08 ±0.40b
Cd (1.02) EDTA 0 0.01 ±0.004a 0.54 ±0.43a
EDTA 5 0.25 ±0.04c 24.8 ±3.48c
EDTA 10 0.23 ±0.03bc 22.3 ±2.72bc
EDTA 10 no plant 0.33 ±0.04d 32.3 ±3.84d
EDTA 5 with barriers 0.18 ±0.01b 17.9 ±1.24b
EDTA 10 with barriers 0.22 ±0.02bc 21.3 ±2.21bc
Pb (89.5) EDTA 0 NdB Nd
EDTA 5 10.0 ±1.59a 11.2 ±1.77a
EDTA 10 17.7 ±4.51b 19.8 ±5.04b
EDTA 10 no plant 25.8 ±1.84c 28.8 ±2.06c
EDTA 5 with barriers 5.80 ±1.44a 6.48 ±1.61a
EDTA 10 with barriers 8.78 ±1.11a 9.81 ±1.24a
A
Data with different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference
at p < 0.05.
B
Nd not detected.
Table 4 : Amounts and percentages of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb leached from compost after EDTA
treatment. Means and standard deviations (n = 3) are presented.
A Data with different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05.
B Nd not detected.
Control
Zhao et al. (2011)

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Beltrao et al. (2009)
Sl.
No. Turfgrass cultivars Removed Chlorides(Kg/ha /year)
1. Cynodon dactylon ‘Tifway 419 244.6
2. C. dactylon ‘Savannah’ 112.8
3. Agrostis stolonifera ‘Penn-A4’ 124.7
4. A. Stolonifera ‘Crenshan’ 183.6
5. A. Stolonifera ‘Penncross’ 257.6
6. Zoysia sinica ‘Zenith’ 104.2
7. Lolium perenne ‘Palmer’ 272.3
8. L. perenne ‘Brightstar’ 384.8
9. Poa pratensis ‘Midnight’ 85.8
10. Poa annua 101.7
11. Festuca arundanacea 84.3
12. F. rubra spp. commutata 128.2
13. Pennisetum clandestinum 200.9
Table 5 : Chloride removal capacity of the different turfgrass species and
cultivars (kg/ha/year). Average from different areas of field courses

61. Noise reduction
Lawn acts like a blanket or insulation panel, absorbing
sounds from vehicles, people, and animals.
February 16, 2020 61Dept of FLA

62. BIO-FUEL PRODUCTION BY USING TURFGRASSES
• Turfgrasses (esp. Bermuda grass )used as a promising feedstock for the production
of fuel ethanol in the Southern United States. (Xu et al. 2011)
62
Table 6:
Xu et al. (2011)

63. The irregular surface of lawn on mound areas
scatters light and radiation, greatly reducing
glare.
February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 63

64. February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 64
Aesthetic and Recreational value of Turfgrass
Aesthetic role
Beauty and attraction
70-75% beauty
Center piece
Focal point

65. Monitory value
As part of a well-designed and maintained landscape, turfgrass increases
a home’s property value by 15 to 20 %.
February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 65
The Lawn Institute – www.The LawnInstitute.org

66. Wimbledon tournament uses mix of
70% perennial rye and 30% creeping
red fescue
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Dept of FLA 66

67. The health benefits of Walking barefoot on Grass
Don’t you feel better when you walk barefoot on the grass?
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Dept of FLA

68. February 16, 2020
Improve eyesight
Calm your mind and reduces tension.
Dept of FLA 68
 Improves nervous system balance
 Promotes cardiovascular health
 Improves blood viscosity
 Boosts brain power
 Improves heart rate variability
The Lawn Institute – www.The LawnInstitute.org

69. February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 69
Removes negativity
When you walk barefoot on grass, Earth’s surface electrons will be
transferred into our body and the negative charge electrons from
our body will be absorbed or neutralized by the Earth.
A good walk on the grass stabilizes the circadian rhythm of our body
by which, we can have a better sleep at night.
Earthing also helps in balancing of hormones in the body.
Aids in sleeping
The Lawn Institute – www.The LawnInstitute.org

70. February 16, 2020 Dept of FLA 70
Ulrich (1984)

71. Lowers the fire hazard
• Low fuel value of green, prostrate-growing
turfs serves as valuable function as a
firebreak that significantly lowers the fire
hazards
• Fire retardation by creating buffer areas of
well-maintained lawn grass around
buildings is good insurance for our life and
property.
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Dept of FLA 71

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Conclusion
Although each plant is small, it contributes so much to our well-
being.
By utilizing of all these benefits of turfgrasses in proper way we
can create healthy urban environment.

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