Bacteria

1. BERGEY’S MANUAL & IT’S
CLASSIFICATION
Presented By- Bidisha Mandal

2. The History and Evolution of Bergey’s Manual
1. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923-
1994)
 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly phenetic
 First edition-1923 (one volume)
 Seventh edition-1957 (one volume)
 8th edition-1975 (one volume)
 9th edition-1994 (one volume)
2. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (1984-
2012)
 1st edition (4volumes);1984-1989; Mix Phylogenetic / Phenetic - 5
Kingdoms
 2nd Edition (5 volumes) (2001-2012);Phylogenetic-3 Domains

4. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
 First edition -Published in 4 volumes:
 Volume 1 (1984) – Gram - negative Bacteria of
general, medical, or industrial importance
 Volume 2 (1986) – Gram - positive Bacteria other than
Actinomycetes
 Volume 3 (1989) – Archaeobacteria, Cyanobacteria,
and remaining Gram-negative Bacteria
 Volume 4 (1989) – Actinomycetes

6. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
 Second Edition - published in 5 volumes:
 Vol 1 - (2001) The Archaea and the deeply branching and
phototrophic Bacteria
 Vol 2 - (2005) -The Proteobacteria
 Vol 3 - (2009) - The Firmicutes
 Vol 4 - (2011) - The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes
(Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria,
Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae,
Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes
 Vol 5- (2012) - The Actinobacteria

7. VOLUME I
Domain: Archaea
Phylum Crenarchaeota
Class: Thermoprotei
• Originally containing thermophilic and hyperthermophilic
sulfur-metabolizing archaea
• Thermoproteales, Desulfurococclaes, Sulfolobales
• Recently discovered Crenarchaeota are inhibited by sulfur &
grow at lower temperatures
• Eg. Sulfolobus

8. Domain: Archaea
Phylum Euryarchaeota
 Differ in rRNA from other archaeans
 Eight classes and twelve orders
 Methanogenic archaea - Methanococcus
 Halophilic archaea -Halobacterium
 Thermophilic - Thermococcus
 Sulfur-reducing archaea - Archaeoglobus

9.  Domain Bacteria
The 2nd edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology divides domain Bacteria into 23 phyla. Some
notable phyla are:
Phylum Aquificae
 The earliest branch of the Bacteria
 Contains genera Aquiflex and Hydrogenobacter that can
obtain energy from hydrogen via chemolithotrophic
pathways
 Also thermophilic
 Ether-linked lipids

10.  Domain Bacteria (cont.)
Phylum Thermotogae
 Anaerobic, thermophilic, fermentative, gram-negative
 Contains unusual fatty acids and ether linked lipids
 Also thermophilic
 E.g. Thermotoga
Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
 Radiation resistant
 Stains Gram-positive
 High carotenoid contents

11.  Domain Bacteria (cont.)
 Phylum Chloroflexi
 Gram negative green nonsulfur bacteria
 Gliding motility
 Anoxygenic photosynthesis
 Unusual peptidoglycans and lack LPS
 Chloroflexus,
 Herpetosiphon (Nonphotosynthetic)

12.  Domain Bacteria (cont.)
 Phylum Cyanobacteria
 Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
 Chlorophyll a and phycobilins
 Unicellular or filamentous
 Some are Nitrogen fixers
 Nostoc, Spirulina
 Phylum Chlorobi
 The “green sulfur bacteria”
 Anoxygenic photosynthesis
 Includes genus Chlorobium

13. VOLUME II
Exclusive for Gram-negative bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
 The largest group of gram-negative bacteria
 Extremely complex group, with over 538 genera and
2000 species
 All major nutritional types are represented: phototrophy,
heterotrophy, and several types of chemolithotrophy
 Many species are important in medicine, industry and
biological research
 Five classes – (i) Alphaproteobacteria,
(ii) Betaproteobacteria,
(iii) Gammaproteobacteria,
(iv) Deltaproteobacteria,
(v) Epsilonproteobacteria

14.  Alphaproteobacteria:
o Metabolic resemblance with alphaproteobacteria
o Use Organically decomposed materials in anoxic zones
o Hydrogen (Alcaligenes)
o Ammonia (Nitrosomonas)
o Methane (Methylobacillus)
o Volatile fatty acids (Burkholderia)
o Pathogen -Neisseria

15.  Betaproteobacteria
o Largest class
o 14 orders and 28 families
o Many facultative anaerobes
o Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae and Pasteurellaceae
– Use EMP and HMP pathways
o The family Enterobacteriaceae, the “gram-negative
enteric bacteria,” include genera Escherichia, Proteus,
Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella,
Serratia, and others

16.  Gammaproteobacteria:
o Pseudomonadaceae, Azotobacteraceae use ED and
HMP pathways
o The family Pseudomonadaceae, which includes genus
Pseudomonas and related genera
o Few are photosynthetic – Chromatium
o Methylotrophic - Methylococcus

17.  Deltaproteobacteria:
o Eight orders and 20 families
Predators
o Bdellovibrio
Myxococcales (Slime bacteria)
o Fruiting myxobacteria – Myxococcus, Polyangium
Anaerobic sulfate reducers
o Desulfovibrio

18.  Epsilonproteobacteria:
o Only one order – Campylobacterales
o Campylobacter, Helicobacter
o Many are microaerophilic

19. VOLUME III
 Phylum Firmicutes
 “Low G + C gram-positive” bacteria (less than 50%)
 Divided into 3 classes
Class I – Clostridia
o Includes genera Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum,
and others
o Anaerobic
o Forms endospores

20. Class II – Mollicutes
o Called as mycoplasmas
o Lack cell wall
o Cell membrane –sterols are present
o Pleomorphic
o Require sterols for growth
o Normally non motile, but some exhibit gliding
movement
o Most are Animal and plant pathogens
o E.g. Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma

21. Class III– Bacilli
o Gram positive
o Can be rods or cocci
o Mostly aerobic, some are facultative
o Two orders – Bacillales, Lactobacillales
o Medically and Industrially important genera
o Require sterols for growth
o E.g. Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus

22. VOLUME IV
 Phylum Planctomycetes
o Aquatic habitats
o Coccoid, ovoid or pear shaped
o Some have membrane-enclosed nucleoid
o Most of them lack peptidoglycan
o Unicellular as well as chains
o Division by budding
o Stalks - non-prosthecate appendages
o Flagellar or giding motility
o E.g. Isophaera

23.  Phylum Chlamydiae
 Obligate intracellular parasites
 Coccoid
 Very small in size
 Two stages in life cycle – elementary bodies and
reticulate bodies
 Most of them lack peptidoglycan

24. Phylum Spirochaetes
 Characterized by flexible, helical cells with a modified
outer membrane (the outer sheath) and modified flagella
(axial filaments) located within the outer sheath
 Gram negative
 Chemoheterotrophs
 Free living, symbiotic or parasitic
 Important pathogenic genera include Treponema, Borrelia,
and Leptospira

25. Phylum Bacteroidetes
 Gram negative, non spore forming anaerobic, rods
 Wide distribution – soil, sea, guts and skin of animals
 Fecal Indicator
 Beneficial microbe in the gut
 Some are opportunistic pathogens
 Are resistant to wide range of antibiotics
 Includes genera Bacteroides, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter,
and Cytophaga; Flexibacter and Cytophaga are motile by
means of “gliding motility”

26. VOLUME V
Phylum Actinobacteria
 “High G + C gram-positive” bacteria (50-55%)
 Terrestrial or aquatic
 Only one class, but 5 subclasses, six orders and 44
families
 Often form complex branching filaments called hyphae
 Even complex life cycles are found in some genera
 Forms asexual spores

27. Phylum Actinobacteria
 Secondary metabolite producers
 Geosmin production
 Varied difference in their cell walls, e.g. mycolic acid
 Largest genus Streptomyces – 150 species
 Includes genera Actinomyces, Streptomyces,
Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium,
Propionibacterium