Mineral deficiency is a reduced level of any of the minerals essential to human health. An abnormally low mineral concentration is usually defined as a level that may impair a function dependent on that mineral.

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Minerals Deficiency
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Mineral deficiency is a reduced level of any of the minerals essential to
human health. An abnormally low mineral concentration is usually defined
as a level that may impair a function dependent on that mineral.
Minerals occur either as bulk minerals (macrominerals) or trace minerals
(microminerals). The body needs more bulk minerals than it does trace
minerals, although both are essential for health. Minerals are consumed in
food from plants and plant-eating animals.

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Calcium
It is essential for strong bones and teeth, healthy gums, and bone growth and mineral
density in children. Calcium helps regulate the heart rate and nerve impulses, lower
cholesterol, prevent atherosclerosis, develop muscles, and prevent muscle cramping.
Calcium is an important component of blood clotting. Calcium and phosphorus are
closely related minerals that should be balanced. About 99 percent of calcium and 85
percent of phosphate occur in the skeleton as crystals of calcium phosphate. Both
nutrients occur in a variety of foods such as milk, eggs, and green, leafy vegetables.
Calcium deficiency due to lack of dietary calcium occurs only rarely and is often due to
vitamin D deficiency , because vitamin D is required for efficient absorption of dietary
calcium. Significant depletion of calcium stores can lead to osteoporosis.

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Phosphorus
It helps form bones and teeth, supports cell growth, and regulates heart muscle
contraction and kidney function. Phosphorus converts food to energy and supports
the utilization of vitamins. Deficiency is rare because phosphate is plentiful in plant
and animal foods and is efficiently absorbed from the diet. Phosphorus is closely
related to calcium and the two minerals should be in balance with each other and
with magnesium. Deficiency in one will affect all and will ultimately have an
unwanted effect on body function. Calcium and phosphorus are stored in the
bones as crystals of calcium phosphate. Milk, eggs, and green, leafy vegetables
are rich in calcium and phosphate.

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Calcium and phosphorus deficiencies
Calcium and phosphorus are plentiful in foods, and dietary deficiencies are rare. Vitamin D
deficiency impairs the absorption of dietary calcium and can provoke calcium deficiency
(hypocalcemia) even when adequate calcium is consumed. Vitamin D deficiency can be
found among young infants and the elderly who may be shielded from sunshine for
prolonged periods. As women age, reductions in the hormone estrogen can affect the rate of
calcium loss. Significant depletion of calcium stores can lead to osteoporosis. Deficiency of
calcium or imbalances with phosphorus and magnesium can produce muscle cramping and
digestive problems. Symptoms of calcium deficiency include joint pain , brittle nails, eczema,
high cholesterol , insomnia, high blood pressure, nervousness, and tooth decay . Calcium
deficiency can also contribute to cognitive problems (confusion, inattention, learning, and
memory), convulsions, depression, and hyperactivity. Phosphorus deficiency can produce
anxiety .

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Magnesium
It assists in the utilization of calcium and potassium, and functions in enzyme
reactions to produce energy. Magnesium protects the lining of arteries and
helps form bones. It helps prevent cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and
some cancers. By acting with vitamin B 6 , magnesium can help prevent or
dissolve calcium oxylate kidney stones, the most common kind of stones.
Dietary magnesium deficiency is uncommon, but may occur in chronic
alcoholics, persons taking diuretic drugs, and as a result of severe, prolonged
diarrhea .

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Magnesium deficiency
Dietary magnesium deficiency is rare because the mineral is found in nearly
all foods, but it can occur through poor diet or in malnutrition, or result from
excessive losses due to severe diarrhea or vomiting. Symptoms of
magnesium deficiency include faulty transmission of nerve and muscle
impulses, irritability, nervousness, and tantrums . Confusion, poor digestion,
rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), and seizures can also result.
Magnesium deficiency is associated with cardiac arrest, asthma , chronic
fatigue syndrome, chronic pain, depression, insomnia, irritable bowel
syndrome , and lung conditions.

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Sodium
Sodium—sodium deficiency (hyponatremia) is a serious deficiency, arising
most often after excessive losses of body fluid ( dehydration ) during
prolonged and severe diarrhea or vomiting . Sodium and potassium are
electrolytes that must be balanced in the body. Since most people get more
than enough salt in the diet, potassium may be needed to balance it.
Together, these minerals control fluid balance through a mechanism called
"the sodium/potassium pump." Prolonged imbalances in sodium and
potassium can contribute to heart disease.

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Potassium
It is important for a healthy nervous system and a steady
heart rate, helps to prevent stroke , and, with sodium, is
critical in maintaining fluid balance. Potassium, an electrolyte,
must be balanced with sodium. Potassium deficiency is
usually associated with sodium deficiency and both are
associated with dehydration stemming from excessive losses
of body fluid.

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Sodium and potassium deficiencies
Deficiency or imbalance in sodium and potassium does not usually result from a lack of
these minerals in the diet, but from imbalances in body fluids. This can be caused by
excessive losses of body fluid (dehydration) from severe diarrhea or vomiting; laxative
abuse; or during treatment of heart disease or high blood pressure (hypertension) with
diuretic drugs, which are used to reduce fluid overload. Sodium and potassium
imbalances can cause cardiac arrhythmias and shock (a reduced flow of blood and
oxygen to tissues throughout the body). Although diarrheal fluids deplete a number of
electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium), the
main concern in avoiding shock is replacing sodium and water. Potassium deficiency
alone can also affect nerve function.

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Trace minerals essential for human health
● Boron
● Chromium
● Copper
● Germanium
● Iodine
● Iron
● Manganese
● Molybdenum
● Selenium
● Silicon
● Sulfur
● Vanadium
● Zinc

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Boron
It required for healthy bones, brain
function, alertness, and the metabolism of
bulk minerals such as calcium,
phosphorus, and magnesium.
Deficiencies are rare except in aging,
when supplementation may help absorb
calcium. A deficiency in boron is
associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Boron supplements can improve calcium
levels as well as vitamin D levels, and can
help prevent osteoporosis in
postmenopausal women by promoting
calcium absorption.
Chromium
It required for maintaining energy
levels. Chromium helps metabolize
glucose and stabilize glucose levels.
It helps the body manufacture and
use cholesterol and protein.

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Copper
It helps form healthy bones, joints, and
nerves as well as hemoglobin and red blood
cells. Copper contributes to healing, energy
production, taste, and hair and skin color. It
is essential in forming collagen for healthy
bones and connective tissue, and helps
prevent osteoporosis. Except in
osteoporosis, copper deficiency is rare,
although dramatic changes in copper
metabolism occur in two serious genetic
diseases, Wilson disease and Menkes'
disease.
Germanium
It helps improve the delivery of
oxygen to tissues and remove toxins
and poisons from the body.
Germanium gives garlic its natural
antibiotic properties.

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Iodine
helps promote healthy physical and
mental development in children. Iodine is
required for thyroid gland function and
metabolizing fats. Iodine deficiency is a
public health problem in parts of the world
that have iodine-deficient soils. Iodine is
needed to make thyroid hormone, which
has a variety of roles in human embryo
development. A deficiency during
pregnancy can cause serious birth
defects. Deficiency in adults can result in
an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) in the
neck.
Iron
critical in the production of hemoglobin,
the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood
cells, and myoglobin found in muscle
tissue. Iron is essential for important
enzyme reactions, growth, and
maintaining a healthy immune system. In
the blood, iron is found in larger amounts
than any other mineral. Iron deficiency
causes anemia (low hemoglobin and
reduced numbers of red blood cells),
which results in tiredness and shortness
of breath because of poor oxygen
delivery.

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Manganese
essential for metabolizing fat and protein,
regulating blood glucose, and supporting
immune system and nervous system
function. Manganese is necessary for normal
bone growth and cartilage development. It is
involved in reproductive functions and helps
produce mother's milk. Along with B
vitamins, manganese produces feelings of
well-being. Deficiency can lead to
convulsions, vision and hearing problems,
muscle contractions, tooth-grinding and
other problems in children; and
atherosclerosis, heart disease, and
hypertension in older adults.
Molybdenum
found in bones, kidneys, and liver.
Only extremely small amounts are
needed to metabolize nitrogen and
promote proper cell function.
Molybdenum is present in beans,
peas, legumes, whole grains, and
green leafy vegetables. A diet low in
these foods can lead to mouth and
gum problems and cancer.

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Selenium
an important antioxidant that works
with vitamin E to protect the
immune system, heart, and liver,
and may help prevent tumor
formation. Selenium deficiency
occurs in regions of the world
where soils are selenium-poor and
low-selenium foods are produced.
Premature infants are naturally low
in selenium with no known serious
effects.
Silicon
helps form bones and
connective tissue, nails, skin,
and hair. Silicon is important in
preventing cardiovascular
disease.

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Sulfur
disinfects the blood and helps to
rid the body of harmful bacteria
and toxic substances.
Zinc
important in the growth of
reproductive organs and regulation
of oil glands. Zinc is required for
protein synthesis, immune system
function, protection of the liver,
collagen formation, and wound
healing. A component of insulin
and major body enzymes, zinc
helps vitamin absorption,
particularly vitamins A and E.
Deficiency is rare.

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Most mineral deficiencies can be successfully treated through diet or
supplementation, except when caused by disease, which requires
treatment of the disease.
Treating fluid imbalances and related deficiencies in sodium,
potassium, calcium, and phosphate usually requires intravenous (IV)
infusion of the deficient mineral in fluid over a period of time. Sudden
changes in sodium and potassium levels can be just as dangerous as
low levels; caution is used to restore balance gradually. Children may
be given oral pediatric preparations to gradually restore fluids and
minerals.

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Prevention
Ensuring an adequate intake of essential nutrients through a balanced
diet and supplements is the best way to prevent mineral deficiencies. The
Required Dietary Allowances (RDA) guidelines can help ensure that
minerals are being obtained. Safe amounts of certain minerals are often
included in multivitamins. Because excess mineral levels can also cause
health problems, taking excessive amounts of any mineral supplement is
not advised unless a deficiency is diagnosed. When mineral deficiency is
the result of disease, medical attention, other than preventive measures,
is required.

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