Assignment%2001%2022MTPFE006%20Sonali%20Singh..pptx

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Oracle Database 10g
on Windows:
Architecture for Performance
David Colello
Consulting Member of
Technical Staff
Oracle Corporation
Session id: 40171
Steve Fluge
Senior Technical
Consultant
Intel Corporation

Database Architecture Agenda
 Oracle Database 10g on Windows
architecture
 64-bit development landscape
 Migration & compatibility
(32-bit to 64-bit)
 Future directions & conclusion
 Customer case study: Intel

Architecture: Thread Model
 Unlike UNIX ports of Oracle Database 10g,
Oracle Database 10g on Windows is
implemented as a single operating system
process.
 Typical “processes” such as PMON and
LGWR have been converted to native
Windows threads running in the single large
Oracle process.
 One process exists per instance on a
Windows machine.

Oracle process
3GB
or
8TB
total
Code
SGA
SGA contains
db buffers,
log buffers
shared pool,
other memory
allocations
Each thread
consists of
PGA, stack,
other memory
allocations
Background and foreground threads

 Internally, relatively few code changes are
required to implement the thread model. The
SGA and PGAs are allocated differently and
threads are used instead of processes, but
very little else needs to change.
 As a result, it’s easy to maintain and port the
database while at the same time preserving
it’s inherent stability, features, and
performance.

 Thread model benefits:
– Faster context switches
– Decreased memory usage
– Quicker connection times
– Perceived as a more “native” implementation
since it uses threads versus processes
– No changes required for client applications

Architecture: File I/O
 Full support for 64-bit file I/O enables very
large files to be used by Oracle Database 10g
on Windows
– There are no 2GB or 4GB limitations on
database file sizes.
– The maximum size for an entire database on
Windows is 4 petabytes (64K files x 16K
bytes/block x 4M blocks/file).

Architecture: File I/O
 Async file I/O is built into Windows and Oracle
Database 10g supports async I/O to all types
of files, assuming that the portable code
layers utilize async I/O.
 No limits on the number of files in a single
database except those already imposed by
Oracle portable code (around 64K files).
 Raw files are fully supported. They are better
performing than file system files, but are
harder to manage.

Architecture: Tuning
 Both CPU affinities and thread priorities can
be set and manipulated via registry
parameters on a thread-by-thread basis.
 With the introduction of Windows-based
NUMA platforms, Oracle Database 10g has
been enhanced to recognize NUMA systems
and adjust memory and scheduling operations
accordingly.

 Single production instances of Oracle on
Windows support more than 2000 concurrent
connections.
 With the use of technologies such as
multiplexing, connection pooling, and clusters,
the number of users supported by a single
physical database grows much higher.

 New for Oracle Database 10g:
– Fiber model support
 An extension of the thread support already in
place since Oracle7. Users may now run the
database in fiber mode, which employs Oracle-
scheduled fibers instead of O/S scheduled
threads.
 For CPU intensive apps, this will provide a
performance boost and reduce CPU utilization.

 New for Oracle Database 10g:
– Large Page support
 Using new APIs in Windows Server 2003, Oracle
can now allocate database buffers in fewer larger
memory pages. This reduces the amount of CPU
overhead required to access large amounts of
RAM.
 For instances with large memory requirements,
large page support on both 32 and 64-bit Windows
can improve performance.

64-bit development details
 Working with Intel
– Company Relations
 Mutual alliances teams
 Regular Executive Meetings
– Development Cooperation
 Intel engineering team on-site at Oracle
 Optimizing support on IA specifics
 Early access to new Processors/Systems
 Early access to Intel’s SW tools
(Compilers & Tuning Tools)

 Working with Microsoft
– Oracle is a beta site for Microsoft O/S releases
– Frequent communication occurs at many levels
from executives to relationship teams to
developers.
– Conference calls, briefings, etc. occur as needed
between appropriate groups

 64-bit database architecture based on 32-bit
database
– Allows database to be built upon a stable, proven
base with few architecture changes
– On Windows, thread architecture is retained
 Oracle not bound by specific memory amount
or number of processors
– Will support as much as the OS can support

 Easy to port code base to 64-bit (change a
few #defines and recompile)
 Simultaneous porting to three different 64-bit
Itanium platforms == knowledge sharing
 Most time is spent testing and on performance
work
 All products in RDBMS bundle have been
moved to native 64-bit

 Data access methods supported natively on
64-bit (initially):
– OLE DB
– ODBC
– Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
– JDBC
– SQLJ
 When 64-bit .NET Framework and interfaces
are released, then ODBC.NET, OLE DB.NET,
and ODP.NET will be supported

Itanium benefits for Oracle
 Larger cache size
– Itanium L3 cache (on-die) is 3 MB
– Madison L3 cache up to 6 MB
– Less cache latency (fewer clock cycles needed)
– Oracle benefits greatly with larger caches closer
to the processor
– Allows for “bigger” systems

 Better Parallelism
– Better Instruction level parallelism
– More registers (328, 128 GP, 128 FP)
– Improved Scalability of System Bus allowing for
bigger systems
 Improved Micro Architecture
– Predication removes delays caused by
mispredicted branches

 Large memory addressability
– No 4 GB linear memory limitation for SGA
– Up to 8 TB of memory supported
– Page size can be up to 4GB
– Capacity, concurrent users, and performance of
Oracle database increases dramatically with
more memory

Oracle 64-bit Performance
Enhancements
 Intel Electron compiler
– Provides profile-guided optimization (PGO)
 Better scheduling
 More parallelism through larger instruction groups
 Lower number of branch mispredictions
 Better use of instruction paging and cache
memory
– Expect 15%-25% performance improvement from
PGO

Oracle10g Support on 64-bit
 Itanium is supported by
– 64-bit Oracle DB server
– 64-bit Oracle DB client
 Itanium is not supported by
– 32-bit Oracle Database server
– 32-bit Oracle Database client
 Machines with 32-bit clients are interoperable
with 64-bit Oracle on Itanium

Migration
 Upgrade process (32-bit to 64-bit)
– 32-bit data files are compatible with 64-bit DB
 No need to recreate the database
 A full export and import is not required
 For end-user applications, migrating to Oracle
on Itanium is transparent
– No changes required to 32-bit client applications

Migration
 Simple migration steps:
– Shutdown database on 32-bit machine
– Copy database files to 64-bit machine once 64-
bit Oracle Database 10g has been installed
– Re-create control file (a single SQL statement)
– Startup database
– Re-compile PL/SQL (a single SQL script)
– Done!
 Or use the Database Upgrade Assistant

Compatibility
 Independent software vendors (ISVs) porting
to 64-bit Oracle
– No Oracle-specific code changes required when
moving from 32-bit
– Just make 64-bit-specific changes and recompile
 Client programs completely unaffected by new
back-end. No changes, re-compiles or re-
links needed.

Agenda
 Oracle Database 10g on Windows
architecture
 64-bit development landscape
 Migration & compatibility
(32-bit to 64-bit)
 Future directions & conclusion
 Customer case study: Intel

Future directions
 Further Windows exploitation where it makes
sense
 Architectural changes always being explored
for capacity/performance improvements.
Some examples are fibers, completion ports,
and NUMA-awareness.
 64-bit scale-up as hardware permits

Useful links
 Oracle on Windows home page
– http://www.oracle.com/windows
 Oracle Technology Network’s Windows
Development Center
– http://otn.oracle.com/windows
 Oracle Data Provider for .NET download
– http://www.oracle.com/go/?&Src=1407080&Act=6

Conclusion
 Oracle is committed to Windows
 64-bit Windows Server 2003 on Itanium
enables excellent performance and scalability
for Oracle Database 10g

Customer case study: Intel
Agenda
 Background
 Configuration
 Test strategy
 Key indicators and results
 Conclusion

Background
 Business needs driving migration to Oracle9i
and Windows Server 2003 on IA64
– Affordable Scalability
 High performance computing at right price
– Prepares for next generation Grid Computing
 Can be part of a cluster of Itanium2 servers to
consolidate databases

Background: Application
 Call Center application
– 24x7 availability requirement
 Call centers located worldwide in follow the sun
model
 High availability demand (5 9’s)
– Scalability/Performance
 Customer base growing 30% annually
 Need to handle high volume surge traffic

Background: Application
 Call Center application (cont.)
– Current usage
 Nominal load is 400 concurrent users.
 Peak loads can reach 500+ concurrent users.
 Ancillary operations such as email, fax and batch
data load processing take up to 20% of CPU
processing.

Agenda
 Configuration

Configuration:
32-bit Architecture
 Hardware
– Single database server with an application server
 4 PIII Zeon processors
 4GB RAM
 200GB SAN volume
 Operating System
– Windows 2000
 Database
– Oracle9i Release 2 (32-bit)

Configuration: 32-bit Database
 SGA size and general configuration
– Total size = 1G (approximately)
– db_cache_size = 600M
– shared_pool = 400M
– log_buffer = 1M

Configuration: Application
 Application characteristics
– 5k stored procedures
– Thick client
– Connection pooling managed by application
server
– E-mail text messages stored as BLOBs
– Total memory footprint including PGA is 1.5GB at
400 connections

Configuration:
64-bit Architecture
 Server hardware
– 16GB memory
– 4x800 MHz Itanium2 processors
 Operating System and software
– Windows Server 2003
– 64-bit PowerPath Emulex drivers using HBA
connectivity to SAN
– 64-bit file format set in the O/S

Configuration: 64-bit Database
 Oracle9i configuration
– Larger SGA (2G)
– shared_pool = 400M
– buffer_cache = 1200M
– log_buffer = 2M
– pga_aggregate_target = 1G
 Objects cached in SGA
– 2x4M record tables
– Pinned several large PL/SQL packages

Agenda
 Test strategy

Test Strategy
 The strategy for the comparison between a 32-bit
XEON® Oracle9i system and a 64-bit Itanium2®
Oracle9i system was to generate an identical load on
each system and compare both resource usage and
performance under that load.
 Performance Monitor was used for resource usage
capture.
 Application Characterization Tool – Application Expert
by Compuware was used for capturing performance.
 Visual Test Scripts were used to generate the user
load against a thick client, connecting through an
application server, which then connected to the 32-bit
or 64-bit database backend, depending on the test.

Agenda
 Key indicators and results

Results: 32-bit XEON Load
@ 600 Users
CPU Avg. load
45%

Results: 64-bit Itanium2 Load
@ 600 Users
CPU Avg. load
20%

Results:
Response Time with 600 Users
 32-bit XEON®
– Average response time under load: 2.27 seconds
 64-bit Itanium2®
– Average response time under load: 1.16 seconds
– Note: Large queries that would not resolve under
the 32-bit environment would resolve while
utilizing the 64-bit Itanium2® system with
Oracle9i.

Sample of indicators recorded
 System performance
– Change in load distribution between the
database server and the application server
 Application performance
– Case creation
– Simple search function
– Complex search function

Key indicators
 System Performance
– Change in load distribution between the
database server and the application server
– CPU load in database server changed from 45%
to 20%, while application server CPU load
increased from 30% to 100%
– Network traffic monitoring indicated bottleneck at
the application server, as requests to the
database were handled at a higher rate than the
app server could generate

Key indicators
 Application performance
 Login/logout
– Account lookup and profile access, followed by
fetch of objects viewable in the application
database
– 64-bit averages 20% faster
 Case creation
– Involves search for duplicate cases in several 1M
record tables
– 64-bit averages 25% faster

Key indicators
 Search operations
– Simple search
 Individual record lookup based on case number
involves 2 table join
 64-bit averages 40% faster
– Heavy search
 Search of multiple instances of case information
related to single customer profile. Multi-table join
of 4M to 8M record tables

Key indicators
 Search operations: Special Search case test
– Disabled search
 Version of heavy search with single criteria on
common customer name, company name,
geographic location, resulting in outer joins
 Not enabled in 32-bit version due to impact on
system under normal load conditions
 64-bit version returns result sets in less than 2
minutes on average

Agenda
 Comparative analysis

Conclusion
 System characteristics improvements
– Scalability - Itanium2 server can drive multiple
application servers
 Application server became the bottleneck in the
64-bit architecture, which can be remedied by
adding more 32-bit servers.
 Application characteristic improvements
– Faster response times on all key indicators
– Ability to more efficiently handle heavy queries
– Disabled query operations possible

Reminder –
please complete the
OracleWorld online session
survey
Thank you.

Q U E S T I O N S
A N S W E R S

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