This presentation includes the genetics behind the human blood grouping, tendency of blood groups to contract diseases and treatments.

1. IS THERE A CORRELATION
BETWEEN BLOOD GROUPS AND
TENDENCY TO CONTRACT DISEASES?
TOPIC
THE GENETICS OF BLOOD
GROUPING IN HUMANS:
BY:Sofia Fareen.F

2. • INTRODUCTION
•ABO BLOOD GROUPING
•ANTIGENS AND ITS PRECURSORS
••RH FACTOR
•BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP
••GENETICS BEHIND OUR BLOOD GROUP
•RH INCOMPATIBILITY
• BLOOD GROUPS AND THEIR RELATED DISEASES
•CONCLUSION
SYNOPSIS

4. INTRODUCTION:
Blood group is a classification of blood,
based on the presence and absence of
antigens on the surface of red blood
cells.
The two most important blood group
systems are ABO and RH.
The human ABO blood groups were
discovered by the biologist
Karl Landsteiner.

5. ANTIGEN RH FACTOR
BLOOD GROUP:
RBC
The two most important blood group systems are:
• ABO blood grouping
• Rh system.

6. ABO BLOOD GROUPING:
‘A’ TYPE:
‘B’ TYPE:
A
B
A GROUP CONSISTS OF ANTIGEN ‘A’ ON
THE SURFACE OF THE RBC AND ‘B’
ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA.
B GROUP CONSISTS OF ANTIGEN ‘B’ ON
THE SURFACE OF THE RBC AND ‘A’
ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA.

7. ‘AB’ TYPE:
‘O’ TYPE:
A B
AB GROUP CONSISTS OF BOTH ‘A’ AND ‘B’
ANTIGENS ON THE SURFACE OF THE RBC AND NO
ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA.
O GROUP CONSISTS OF NO ANTIGENS AND HAVE
BOTH ‘A’ AND ‘B’ ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA

8. WHAT IS ANTIGEN
AND RH FACTOR?

9. •An antigen is any substance to which the immune
system can respond.
•Antigens determine blood type and can either be
proteins or complexes of sugar molecules.
•Antigens consists of:
Sucrose
D-galactose
N-acetyl glucosamine
11 terminal amino acids
•There are two types of antigens in our red blood cells:
A and B antigens.
ANTIGEN

10. RBC PRECURSOR STRUCTURE
PRECURSOR
SUBSTANCE
GLUCOSE
GALACTOSE
N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE
GALACTOSE

11. FORMATION OF ANTIGENS
● A ANTIGEN
PRECURSOR SUBSTANCE
N ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE
● B ANTIGEN
PRECURSOR SUBSTANCE
GALACTOSE

12. ● H ANTIGEN IS CONVERTED INTO EITHER THE A ANTIGEN,B
ANTIGEN OR BOTH.
● H ANTIGEN REMAINS UNMODIFIED IN O BLOOD GROUP.
A A
A
Group O Group A
A
MANY H ANTIGEN
SITES
FEWER H ANTIGEN
SITES

13. RH FACTOR:
 Rh FACTOR IS A D ANTIGEN PRESENT ON
THE SURFACE OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS.
 IT WAS FIRST DISCOVERED IN THE RBCs
OF THE RHESUS MONKEY,HENCE THE
TERM Rh.
 PRESENCE OF D ANTIGEN ON THE
SURFACE OF THE RBC ARE Rh+.(POSITIVE)
 ABSENCE OF D ANTIGEN ON THE
SURFACE OF THE RBC ARE Rh-.(NEGATIVE)

14. BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP
 IT IS ALSO CALLED AS h/h BLOOD
GROUP.
 IT IS THE RAREST BLOOD TYPE.
 INDIVIDUALS WITH THIS GROUP
DO NOT EXPRESS H ANTIGENS
AND CANNOT MAKE THE ‘A’ AND
‘B’ ANTIGEN.

15. MULTIPLE ALLELISM:
IA
IB
IC
WHEN THREE OR MORE ALLELES OF A
GENE OCCUPY THE SAME LOCUS ON
THE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME IS
CALLED AS MULTIPLE ALLELISM.
THE THREE AUTOSOMAL ALLELES
LOCATED ON CHROMOSOME 9
DETERMINE THE BLOOD GROUP IN
ANY PERSON.

16. ● THE GENE CONTROLLING BLOOD TYPE IS LABELED
AS ‘L’ OR ‘I’.
● THE THREE ALLELIC FORMS ARE IA,IB,IO.
● IA ‘A’ ANTIGEN
● IB ‘B’ ANTIGEN
● IO NO ANTIGEN
● DOMINANCE HIERARCHY:
IA=IB>IO
● THERE ARE SIX POSSIBLE GENOTYPES AND FOUR
POSSIBLE PHENOTYPE.

17. GENETIC BASIS OF THE HUMAN ABO BLOOD GROUPS:
GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES
IA IA TYPE A A ANTI-B
IA IO TYPE A A ANTI-B
IB IB TYPE B B ANTI-A
IA IB TYPE AB A AND B NO ANTIBODIES
IO IO TYPE O NO ANTIGENS ANTI-A AND ANTI-
B

18. DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD TYPES
O GROUP - 45%
A GROUP - 40%
B GROUP - 11%
AB GROUP- 4%

19. O GROUP IS CALLED AS UNIVERSAL DONOR.
AB GROUP IS CALLED AS UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT.

20. HOW BLOOD GROUPS ARE
RELATED WITH DISEASES???

21. RH INCOMPATIBILITY
1 l2
l3 4
•Rh- negative
mother with
Rh+ positive
foetus
•The mother’s
blood starts to
synthesize D
antibodies
•Small amount of
foetus antigen
gets into the
mother’s blood
stream
•During the
second
pregnancy, Rh
antibodies of the
mother enters the
foetal circulation.

22. ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS
SYMPTOMS:
•SWOLLEN
•PALE
•ANAEMIA
•JAUNDICE
PREVENTION:
BY ADMINISTERING ANTI D
ANTIBODIES(RHOCUM) TO
THE MOTHER .

23. DISEASES RELATED TO BLOOD TYPE A AND B
TYPE A: CORONARY HEART
DISEASES,VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISMS,STOMACH
CANCER.
TYPE B: PANCREATIC CANCER,
DIABETES ,AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
REASON:
THIS IS DUE TO THE INCREASED
LEVELS OF CHOLESTROL AND BLOOD
CLOTTING FACTORS LIKE
FIBRINOGEN,PROTHROMBIN etc.

24. DISEASES RELATED TO BLOOD TYPE AB
DISEASES:
•THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO
DEVELOP COGNITIVE ISSUES
THAT LEADS TO DEMENTIA IN
LATER LIFE.
•THIS TYPE HAVE A HIGHER
RISK OF GETTING STROKE.
REASON:
DUE TO PRESENCE OF
BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR
VIII.IT BLOCKS THE FLOW OF
BLOOD TO THE BRAIN.

25. DISEASES RELATED TO BLOOD TYPE O
DISEASES:
HAEMORRHAGE,FERTILITY
PROBLEMS,ALLERGIES.
REASON:
•THEY HAVE LOWER LEVELS OF
BLOOD CLOTTING AGENTS.
•SO IT LEADS TO
UNCONTROLLED BLEEDING.
•THIS TYPE CAN HAVE FERTILITY
PROBLEMS DUE TO THE HIGH
LEVELS OF FSH.

26. DISEASE RELATED TO NON- O BLOOD TYPES
•PEOPLE WITH TYPE A AND B
ARE AT A GREATER RISK OF
DIABETES COMPARED TO
THOSE WITH O.
•THIS BLOOD TYPE MAY
INFLUENCE THE GI
MICROBIOME, WHICH CAN
AFFECT GLUCOSE
METABOLISM AND
INFLAMMATION.

27. CONCLUSION
O
TYPE
HEART
DISEASES
NON-O
TYPE
PEOPLE WITH NON-O
BLOOD TYPES ARE AT A
HIGHER RISK OF HEART
DISEASES AND HAVE A
SHORTER LIFE TIME
COMPARED TO O TYPE.

28. HISTORY
GENETIC
MAKEUP
RISK FACTORS
BY KNOWING YOUR BLOOD TYPES ONE CAN
REVEAL ABOUT:

30. REFERENCE
WEBSITES:
www.healthline.com
www.sciencedirect.com
www.hindustantimes.com
www.pennmedicin.org
http://www.medicinenet.com
BOOKS:
● GEOFF DANIELS, HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS,1995.
● HAROLD R. SCHUMACHER, HANDBOOK OF HAEMATOLOGIC
PATHOLOGY,2000.
● MARION E. REID, BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES,2007.
● DR.PETER J.D’ADAMO, EAT RIGHT FOR YOUR TYPE,1996.