Accounting_ Elements & Accounting_Procedure

1. Accounting Elements
&
Accounts Procedures

2. Identification
Select economic events
(transactions)
Recording
Record, classify,
and summarize
Account
ing
Reports
SOFTBYTE
Annual Report
Prepare
accounting reports
Analyse and interpret
for users
Communication
THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS

3. QUESTIONS ASKED BY INTERNAL USERS
Can we afford to give employees
pay raises this year?
Is cash sufficient to pay bills?
What is the cost of manufacturing
each unit of product?
Which product line is the most
profitable?

4. QUESTIONS ASKED BY EXTERNAL USERS
Is the company earning
satisfactory income?
How does the company compare in
size and profitability with its
competitors?
Will the company be able to pay its debts as they come due?
What do we
do if they
catch us?

5. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
 Primarily established by the Canadian Institute of
Chartered Accountants
Cost Principle
 The cost principle dictates that assets are
recorded at their cost.
 Cost is the value exchanged at the time something
is acquired.
 Cost is used because it is both relevant and
reliable.
GAAP

6. 1. Going Concern - assumes organization will
continue into foreseeable future.
2. Monetary Unit - only transaction data that can
be expressed in terms of money is included in
the accounting records.
3. Economic Entity - includes any organization
or unit in society.
ASSUMPTIONS

7. Business Transactions
 The term accounting event refers to a change in an item that should
be reflected in the company's financial statements. Accounting
events can be internal or external and usually involve a change in
assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses or owner's equity
 An accounting event usually involves a transaction that is
measureable, relevant and reliable. Events that meet these conditions
are then reported in the company's financial statements; including the
balance sheet (assets, liabilities) and the income statement (revenues,
expenses).
 A transaction is an event that involves the exchange of value between
two entities; that is to say, each entity receives and sacrifices value.
For example, the business can purchase raw materials from a
supplier.

8. Business Transactions
Sale in cash to a customer
Sale on credit to a customer
Receive cash in payment of an invoice owed by a customer
Purchase fixed assets from a supplier
Record the depreciation of a fixed asset over time
Purchase consumable supplies from a supplier
Investment in another business
Investment in marketable securities
Engaging in a hedge to mitigate the effects of an unfavorable price
change
Borrow funds from a lender
Issue a dividend to investors
Sale of assets to a third party

9. THE RECORDING PROCESS
1. Analyse each transaction.
2. Enter transaction in a journal.
3. Transfer journal information to ledger accounts.
JOURNAL
JOURNAL
LEDGER

10. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION
The Basic Accounting Equation

11. ASSETS AS A BUILDING BLOCK
 Assets are resources owned by a business.
 They are things of value used in carrying out
such activities as production and exchange.
 Capacity to provide future benefits and services.

12. LIABILITIES AS A BUILDING BLOCK
 Liabilities are claims against assets.
 They are existing debts and obligations.

13.  Owner’s Equity is equal to total assets minus
total liabilities.
 Owner’s Equity represents the ownership claim
on total assets.
 Subdivisions of Owner’s Equity:
1. Capital
2. Drawings
3. Revenues
4. Expenses
OWNER’S EQUITY AS
A BUILDING BLOCK

14. INVESTMENTS BY OWNERS
AS A BUILDING BLOCK
 Investments by owner are the assets put into
the business by the owner.
 These investments in the business increase
owner’s equity.

15.  Drawings are withdrawals of cash or other
assets by the owner for personal use.
 Drawings decrease total owner’s equity.
DRAWINGS AS A
BUILDING BLOCK

16. REVENUES AS A
BUILDING BLOCK
 Revenues are the gross increases in owner’s
equity resulting from business activities entered
into for the purpose of earning income.
 Revenues may result from sale of merchandise,
performance of services, rental of property, or
lending of money.
 Revenues usually result in an increase in an asset.

17. EXPENSES AS A
BUILDING BLOCK
 Expenses are the decreases in owner’s equity that
result from operating the business.
 Expenses are the cost of assets consumed or
services used in the process of earning revenue.
 Examples of expenses include utility expense, rent
expense, and supplies expense.

18. INCREASES AND DECREASES IN
OWNER’S EQUITY
Investments
by Owner
Revenues
Withdrawals
by Owner
Expenses
INCREASES DECREASES
Owner’s
Equity

19. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
Marc Doucet decides to open a computer
programming service.
BANK
Softbyt
e

20. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 1
On September 1, he invests $15,000 cash in the
business, which he names Softbyte.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
(1) 15,000 = 15,000 Investment
Owner's Equity
Assets
There is an increase in the asset Cash, $15,000, and
an equal increase in the owner’s equity, M. Doucet,
Capital, $15,000.

21. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 2
Softbyte purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
15,000 15,000 Investment
Owner's Equity
Assets
Cash is decreased $7,000, and the asset
Equipment is increased $7,000.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
15,000 15,000 Investment
(2) (7,000) 7,000
Balance 8,000 + 7,000 = 15,000
Owner's Equity
Assets

22. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 3
Softbyte purchases computer paper and supplies expected to last
several months from Chuah Supply Company for $1,600 on account.
The asset Supplies is increased $1,600, and the liability
Accounts Payable is increased by the same amount.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 8,000 7,000 15,000
Owner's Equity
Assets
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 8,000 7,000 15,000
(3) 1,600 1,600
Balance 8,000 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,600 + 15,000
Owner's Equity
Assets

23. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 4
Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers for
programming services it has provided.
Cash is increased $1,200, and
M. Doucet, Capital is increased $1,200.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 8,000 1,600 7,000 1,600 15,000
Owner's Equity
Assets
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 8,000 1,600 7,000 1,600 15,000
(4) 1,200 1,200 Service Revenue
Balance 9,200 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,600 + 16,200
Owner's Equity
Assets

24. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 5
Softbyte receives a bill for $250 for advertising its business
but pays the bill on a later date.
Accounts Payable is increased $250, and M.
Doucet, Capital is decreased $250.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 9,200 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,600 + 16,200
Owner's Equity
Assets
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 9,200 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,600 + 16,200
(5) 250 (250) Advertising Expense
Balance 9,200 1,600 7,000 1,850 15,950
Owner's Equity
Assets

25. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 6
Softbyte provides programming services of $3,500 for
customers and receives cash of $1,500, with the balance
payable on account.
Cash is increased $1,500; Accounts Receivable is
increased $2,000; and M. Doucet, Capital is
increased $3,500.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 9,200 + 0 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,850 15,950
Owner's Equity
Assets
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 9,200 + 0 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,850 15,950
(6) 1,500 2,000 3,500 Service Revenue
Balance 10,700 2,000 1,600 7,000 1,850 19,450
Owner's Equity
Assets

26. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 7
Cash is decreased $1,700 and M. Doucet,
Capital is decreased the same amount.
Expenses paid in cash for September are store rent,
$600, salaries of employees, $900, and utilities, $200.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 10,700 2,000 1,600 7,000 1,850 19,450
Owner's Equity
Assets
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 10,700 2,000 1,600 7,000 1,850 19,450
Owner's Equity
Assets
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 10,700 2,000 1,600 7,000 1,850 19,450
(7) (600) (600) Rent Exp.
(900) (900) Salaries Exp.
(200) (200) Utilities Exp.
Balance 9,000 + 2,000 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,850 + 17,750
Owner's Equity
Assets

27. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 8
Softbyte pays its advertising bill of $250 in cash.
Cash is decreased $250 and Accounts
Payable is decreased the same amount.
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 9,000 2,000 1,600 7,000 1,850 17,750
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 9,000 2,000 1,600 7,000 1,850 17,750
(8) (250) (250)
Balance 8,750 + 2,000 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,600 + 17,750
Owner's Equity
Assets

28. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 9
The sum of $600 in cash is received from customers who
have previously been billed for services in Transaction 6.
Cash is increased $600 and Accounts
Receivable is decreased by the same amount.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 8,750 + 2,000 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,600 + 17,750
Owner's Equity
Assets
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 8,750 2,000 1,600 7,000 1,600 17,750
(9) 600 (600)
Balance 9,350 + 1,400 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,600 + 17,750
Owner's Equity
Assets

29. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 10
Marc Doucet withdraws $1,300 in cash from
the business for his personal use.
Cash is decreased $1,300 and M. Doucet,
Capital is decreased by the same amount.
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 9,350 1,400 1,600 7,000 1,600 17,750
Owner's Equity
Assets
Trans. # = Liabilities +
Cash
Account
Receivable Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
M. Doucet,
Capital
Balance 9,350 1,400 1,600 7,000 1,600 17,750
(10) (1,300) (1,300) Doucet, Drawings
Balance 8,050 + 1,400 + 1,600 + 7,000 = 1,600 + 16,450
Owner's Equity
Assets

30. THE ACCOUNT
 An account is an individual accounting
record of increases and decreases in a
specific asset, liability, or owner’s equity
item.
 A company will have separate accounts for
such items as cash, salaries expense,
accounts payable, and so on.

31. DEBITS AND CREDITS
 The terms debit and credit mean left and right,
respectively.
 The act of entering an amount on the left side of an
account is called debiting the account and making an
entry on the right side is crediting the account.
 When the debit amounts exceed the credits, an account
has a debit balance; when the reverse is true, the account
has a credit balance.
DR CR

32. BASIC FORM OF ACCOUNT
Left or debit side
Title of Account
Right or credit side
Debit balance Credit balance
 In its simplest form, an account consists of
1. the title of the account,
2. a left or debit side, and
3. a right or credit side.
 The alignment of these parts resembles the letter T, and
therefore the account form is called a T account.

33. TABULAR SUMMARY COMPARED TO
ACCOUNT FORM
Tabular Summary
Cash
$15,000
- 7,000
1,200
1,500
- 600
- 900
- 200
- 250
Cash
Debit Credit
15,000
1,200
1,500
600
7,000
600
200
900
Balance
Account Form
8,05
0
$8,050
600
- 1,300
250
1,300

34. Example: The owner makes an initial investment of
$15,000 to start the business. Cash is debited
and the owner’s Capital account is credited.
DEBITING AN ACCOUNT
15,000
Cash

35. Example: Monthly rent of $7,000 is paid. Cash is
credited and Rent Expense is debited.
CREDITING AN ACCOUNT
7,000
Cash

36. DEBITING AND CREDITING
AN ACCOUNT
Example: Cash is debited for $15,000 and credited
for $7,000, leaving a debit balance of $8,000.
15,000 7,000
8,000
Cash

37. DOUBLE-ENTRY SYSTEM
 In a double-entry system, equal debits and
credits are made in the accounts for each
transaction.
 Thus, the total debits will always equal the
total credits and the accounting equation
will always stay in balance.
Assets Liabilities Equity

38. NORMAL BALANCE
 Every account classification has a normal
balance, whether it is a debit or credit.

39. NORMAL BALANCES — ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Assets
Increase Decrease
Debit Credit
Decrease Increase
Debit Credit
Liabilities
Normal
Balance
Normal
Balance

40. NORMAL BALANCE — OWNER’S CAPITAL
Owner’s Capital
Decrease Increase
Debit Credit
Normal
Balance

41. NORMAL BALANCE — OWNER’S DRAWINGS
Owner’s Drawings
Normal
Balance
Increase Decrease
Debit Credit

42. NORMAL BALANCES —
REVENUES AND EXPENSES
Increase Decrease
Debit Credit
Expenses
Revenues
Decrease Increase
Debit Credit
Normal
Balance
Normal
Balance

43. EXPANDED BASIC EQUATION AND
DEBIT/CREDIT RULES AND EFFECTS
Liabilities
Assets Owner’s Equity
= + -
+
=
+ -
Assets
Dr. Cr.
+ -
Liabilities
Dr. Cr.
- +
Dr. Cr.
Owner’s
Drawings
+ -
Dr. Cr.
Revenues
- +
Dr. Cr.
Expenses
+ -
Dr. Cr.
Owner’s
Capital
- +

44. THE JOURNAL
 Transactions are initially recorded in
chronological order in a journal before being
transferred to the accounts.
 Every company has a general journal which
contains
1. spaces for dates,
2. account titles and explanations,
3. references, and
4. two money columns.

45. The journal makes several significant contributions to the
recording process:
1. It discloses, in one place, the complete effect of a
transaction.
2. It provides a chronological record of transactions.
3. It helps to prevent or locate errors because the debit and
credit amounts for each entry can be readily compared.
THE JOURNAL

46. JOURNALIZING
 Entering transaction data in the journal is known
as journalizing.
 Separate journal entries are made for each
transaction.
 A complete entry consists of
1. the date of the transaction,
2. the accounts and amounts to be debited and
credited, and
3. a brief explanation of the transaction.

47. TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING
The date of the transaction is entered in the date column.
GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Sept. 1 Cash 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital 15,000
Invested cash in business.
1 Equipment 7,000
Cash 7,000
Purchased equipment for cash.

48. TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING
The debit account title is entered at the extreme left
margin of the Account Titles and Explanation column.
The credit account title is indented on the next line.
GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Sept. 1 Cash 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital 15,000
Invested cash in business.
1 Equipment 7,000
Cash 7,000
Purchased equipment for cash.

49. TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING
The amounts for the debits are recorded in the Debit column and
the amounts for the credits are recorded in the Credit column.
GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Sept. 1 Cash 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital 15,000
Invested cash in business.
1 Equipment 7,000
Cash 7,000
Purchased equipment for cash.

50. TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING
A brief explanation of the transaction is given.
GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Sept. 1 Cash 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital 15,000
Invested cash in business.
1 Equipment 7,000
Cash 7,000
Purchased equipment for cash.

51. TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING
A space is left between journal entries. The
blank space separates individual journal entries
and makes the journal easier to read.
GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Sept. 1 Cash 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital 15,000
Invested cash in business.
1 Equipment 7,000
Cash 7,000
Purchased equipment for cash.

52. TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING
The column entitled Ref. is left blank at the time the
journal entry is made and is used later when the
journal entries are transferred to the ledger accounts.
GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Sept. 1 Cash 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital 15,000
Invested cash in business.
1 Equipment 7,000
Cash 7,000
Purchased equipment for cash.

53. GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Oct. 2 Delivery Equipment 14,000
Cash 14,000
Purchased truck for cash.
If an entry involves only two accounts, one debit and
one credit, it is considered a simple entry.
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND
JOURNAL ENTRIES

54. When three or more accounts are required in one
journal entry, the entry is referred to as a
compound entry.
COMPOUND JOURNAL ENTRY
GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Oct. 2 Delivery Equipment 34,000
Cash 8,000
Note Payable 26,000
Purchased truck for cash
and note payable.
1
2
3

55. GENERAL JOURNAL J1
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
2002
Oct. 2 Cash 8,000
Delivery Equipment 34,000
Note Payable 26,000
Purchased truck for cash
and note payable.
COMPOUND JOURNAL ENTRY
This is the wrong format; all debits must be listed
before the credits are listed.

56. THE LEDGER
 The entire group of accounts maintained by a
company is referred to collectively as the ledger.
 A general ledger contains all the assets, liabilities,
and owner’s equity accounts.
GENERAL
LEDGER

57. Individual
Liabilities
Individual
Assets
Individual
Owner’s Equity
THE GENERAL LEDGER
Equipment
Supplies
Accounts Rec.
Cash
Interest Payable
Salaries Payable
Accounts Payable
Notes Payable
Salaries Expense
Service Revenue
Doucet, Drawings
Doucet, Capital

58. POSTING A JOURNAL ENTRY
In the ledger, enter in the appropriate columns of the account(s)
debited the date, journal page, and debit amount shown in the journal
and the account number to which the journal was posted.
J1
Date Account Title and Explanation Ref Debit Credit
2002
01-Sep Cash 101 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital 301 15,000
Invested cash in business.
General Journal
101
Date Account Title and Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
2002
01-Sep J1 15,000 15,000
Cash
General Ledger

59. POSTING A JOURNAL ENTRY
In the ledger, enter in the appropriate columns of the account(s)
credited the date, journal page, and credit amount shown in the
journal and the account number to which the journal was posted.
J1
Date Account Title and Explanation Ref Debit Credit
2002
01-Sep Cash 101 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital 301 15,000
Invested cash in business.
General Journal
301
Date Account Title and Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
2002
1-Sep J1 15,000 15,000
M. Doucet, Capital
General Ledger

60. THE TRIAL BALANCE
 A trial balance is a list of accounts and their balances at
a given time.
 The primary purpose of a trial balance is to prove the
mathematical equality of debits and credits after posting.
 A trial balance also uncovers errors in journalizing and
posting.
 The procedures for preparing a trial balance consist of
1. listing the account titles and their balances,
2. totaling the debit and credit columns, and
3. proving the equality of the two columns.

61. PIONEER ADVERTISING AGENCY
Trial Balance
October 31, 2002
Debit Credit
Cash $ 15,200
Advertising Supplies 2,500
Prepaid Insurance 600
Office Equipment 5,000
Notes Payable $ 5,000
Accounts Payable 2,500
Unearned Revenue 1,200
C. R. Byrd, Capital 10,000
C. R. Byrd, Drawings 500
Service Revenue 10,000
Salaries Expense
900
$ 28,700 $ 28,700
The total debits
must equal the
total credits.
ILLUSTRATION 2-28
A TRIAL BALANCE
Rent Expense
4,000

62. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
After transactions are identified, recorded, and
summarized, four financial statements are
prepared from the summarized accounting data:
1. An income statement presents the revenues
and expenses and resulting net income or net
loss of a company for a specific period of time.
2. A statement of owner’s equity summarizes the
changes in owner’s equity for a specific period
of time.

63. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In addition to the income statement and statement of
owner’s equity, two additional statements are
prepared:
3. A balance sheet reports the assets, liabilities, and
owner’s equity of a business enterprise at a
specific date.
4. A cash flow statement summarizes information
concerning the cash inflows (receipts) and
outflows (payments) for a specific period of time.
The notes are an integral part of the financial
statements.

64. Net income of $2,750 shown on the income statement is added to the
beginning balance of owner’s capital in the statement of owner’s equity.
Revenues
Service revenue 4,700
$
Expenses
Salaries expense 900
$
Rent expense 600
Advertising expense 250
Utilities expense 200
Total expenses 1,950
Net income 2,750
$
SOFTBYTE
Income Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2002
ILLUSTRATION 1-10
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS

65. ILLUSTRATION 1-10
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Net income of $2,750 is carried forward from the income statement to
the statement of owner’s equity. The owner’s capital of $16,450 at the
end of the reporting period is shown as the final total of the owner’s
equity column of the Summary of Transactions (Illustration 1-9 in text).
M. Doucet, Capital, September 1 -
$
Add: Investments 15,000
$
Net income 2,750 17,750
17,750
$
Less: Drawings 1,300
M. Doucet, Capital September 30 16,450
$
SOFTBYTE
Statement of Owner's Equity
For the Month Ended September 30, 2002

66. ILLUSTRATION 1-10
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Owner’s
capital of
$16,450 at the
end of the
reporting
period – shown
in the
statement of
owner’s equity
– is also shown
on the balance
sheet. Cash of
$8,050 on the
balance sheet is
reported on the
cash flow
statement.
Cash 8,050
$
Accounts receivable 1,400
Supplies 1,600
Equipment 7,000
Total assets 18,050
$
Liabilities
Accounts payable 1,600
$
Owner's Equity
M. Doucet, Capital 16,450
Total liabilities and owner's equity 18,050
$
Assets
Liabilities and Owner's Equity
SOFTBYTE
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2002

67. ILLUSTRATION 1-10
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Cash of
$8,050 on the
balance sheet
and cash flow
statement is
shown as the
final total of
the cash
column of the
Summary of
Transactions
(Illustration
1-9 in text).
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash receipts from customers 3,300
$
Cash payments to suppliers and employees (1,950) 1,350
$
Net cash provided by operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of equipment (7,000)
$
Net cash used by investing activities (7,000)
Cash flows from financing activities
Investments by owner 15,000
$
Drawings by owner (1,300)
Net cash provided by financing activities 13,700
Net increase in cash 8,050
$
Cash, September 1 -
Cash, September 30 8,050
$
SOFTBYTE
Cash Flow Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2002

68. USING THE INFORMATION IN THE
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
• Annual Reports
– Non-financial
information
– Financial
information