TO PREVENT AND PRECURATION ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS

1. FAKIR MOHAN UNIVERSITY,
NUAPADHI, BALASORE-756020

2. • Introduction
• History
• Mycobacteria
• Mycobacteria Tuberculosis
• Transmission
• Spread of TB
• Symptoms & Signs
• Mechanism of Defense
• Inhibition Mechanism
• Diagnosis
• Precautions

3. Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious illness that mainly affects the lungs. The germs
that cause tuberculosis are a type of bacteria.
Tuberculosis can spread when a person with the illness coughs, sneezes or
sings. This can put tiny droplets with the germs into the air. Another person
can then breathe in the droplets, and the germs enter the lungs.
Tuberculosis spreads easily where people gather in crowds or where people
live in crowded conditions. People with HIV/AIDS and other people with
weakened immune systems have a higher risk of catching tuberculosis than
people with typical immune systems.

4. Tuberculosis has been found in the remains of
ancient skeleton & Egyptian mummies 5000
years B.C.
In the early 19th century it was known as “white
plague”.
Eventually the name Tuberculosis was acquired
with discovery of Tubercle bacillus by Robert
Koch in 1882.

5.  These are facultative intracellular pathogens
usually infecting mononuclear phagocytes (e.g.
macrophages).
 Rod shape & Non-motile
 Non spore forming
 Obligate aerobic: growing most successfully in
tissues with a high oxygen content, such as the
lungs.

6.  Known as “Acid-fast bacilli”:
 Because of their lipid rich cell walls , which are
relatively impermeable to various basic dyes.
 Thus they resist decolourization with acidified
organic solvents.
 Other bacteria which also contain mycolic acids,
such as Nocardia, can also exhibit this feature.

8.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the commonest to cause T.B. in man.
 Worldwide M. tuberculosis causes more deaths than any other single microbial
agent.
 Tuberculosis is highly communicable disease.
 Approximately one-third of the world’s population is infected with this organism.
 Each year, it is estimated that 1.7 million people die of T.B. & that 9 million new
cases occurs.

9. Inhalation of droplets.
Ingestion of contaminated
milk.
Congenital primary T.B.

12. Action of Macrophage
on normal condition

13. V-ATPase
Macrophage
Lysosome
Phagosome
Inhibition of
Phagosome Maturation

14. V-ATPase
Macrophage
Lysosome
Phagosome
PTPA Protein
Inhibition of
Phagosome Maturation

15. V-ATPase
Macrophage
Lysosome
Phagosome
PTPA Protein
Inhibition of
Phagosome Maturation

16. RAB 5
RAB 7
Macrophage
Lysosome
Phagosome
Inhibition of
Phago-lysosome formation

17. RAB 5
RAB 7
Macrophage
Lysosome
Phagosome
RAB22a
Inhibition of
Phago-lysosome formation

18. Inhibition of
Interferon Production
Lysosome
Phagosome
cGAS
Detects Foreign dsDNA
Interferon Production
By Macrophage

19. Tuberculosis is diagnosed by identifying the causative organism
in a clinical sample.
When this is not possible, a probable diagnosis may be made
using imaging (X-rays or scans) or a tuberculin skin test.
Currently, infection is diagnosed in a non-immunized person by
recent techniques as PCR.

23.  Maintain airborne precautions for necessary visits by patients with suspect or infectious TB
until infectiousness is ruled out or resolves.
 Reduce exposure by eliminating or delaying non urgent appointments for patients with
suspect or infectious TB until infectiousness is ruled out or resolves.
 Establish cough etiquette practices among staff and clients. Provide tissue, surgical masks,
hand-hygiene products, and waste containers in common areas, such as waiting rooms, so
people with respiratory symptoms can contain coughing and sneezing.
 Implement a TB screening protocol for clients presenting with cough lasting more than three
weeks and any of the following symptoms:
• Blood in sputum
• Night sweats
• Unexplained weight loss
• History of TB disease or TB exposure