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‫‌کوین‌با‌رویکرد‌فنی‬‫ت‬‫بی‬
‫نجفی‬ ‫سینا‬-‫الکترونیک‬ ‫تجارت‬ ‫دکترای‬ ‫دانشجوی‬
‫فهرست‌مطالب‬
•‫اولیه‬ ‫مفاهیم‬
•‫دیجیتال‬ ‫امضای‬
•‫تصادفی‬ ‫ساز‬‫درهم‬ ‫تابع‬(Random Hash Function)
•‫بالک‬ ‫زنجیره‬((Block chain
•‫ارتباطی‬ ‫شبکه‬
•‫کل‬ ‫دفتر‬(Ledger)
•‫زنجیره‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫تولید‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫انتقال‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫سازی‬‫ذخیره‬
ITE 2016
‫امضای‌دیجیتال‬
•‫کند‬ ‫امضا‬ ‫را‬ ‫سند‬ ‫تواند‬‫می‬ ‫رمز‬ ‫کلید‬ ‫دارنده‬ ‫فقط‬
•‫دارند‬ ‫را‬ ‫امضا‬ ‫تایید‬ ‫امکان‬ ‫همه‬
•‫ندارد‬ ‫را‬ ‫امضا‬ ‫انکار‬ ‫امکان‬ ‫امضاکننده‬
‫امضای‌دیجیتال‬
‫تصدیق‬‫امضا‬‫کلید‬ ‫تولید‬
Alice
(‫عمومی‬ ‫کلید‬)
Alice
(‫خصوصی‬ ‫کلید‬)
Bob
Bob Alice
Alice
(‫)عمومی‬
Alice
(‫)عمومی‬
‫امضای‌دیجیتال‬
‫تصدیق‬‫امضا‬‫کلید‬ ‫تولید‬
Alice
(‫)خصوصی‬
Bob
Alice
(‫)عمومی‬
‫امضای‌دیجیتال‬
‫تصدیق‬‫کلید‬ ‫تولید‬
Alice
(‫عمومی‬ ‫کلید‬)
Alice
(‫خصوصی‬ ‫کلید‬)
‫هدف‬:‫ارسال‬ ‫از‬ ‫اطمینان‬
‫آلیس‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫پیام‬
‫امضا‬
Alice A
‫پیام‬
‫فهرست‌مطالب‬
•‫اولیه‬ ‫مفاهیم‬
•‫دیجیتال‬ ‫امضای‬
•‫تصادفی‬ ‫ساز‬‫درهم‬ ‫تابع‬(Random Hash Function)
•‫بالک‬ ‫زنجیره‬((Block chain
•‫ارتباطی‬ ‫شبکه‬
•‫کل‬ ‫دفتر‬(Ledger)
•‫زنجیره‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫تولید‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫انتقال‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫سازی‬‫ذخیره‬
ITE 2016
‫توابع‌درهم‌ساز‌تصادفی‬(Random Hash)
•‫کند‬‫می‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫به‬ ‫تصادفی‬ ‫ساز‬ ‫درهم‬ ‫تابع‬ ‫یک‬:
‫شوند‬‫می‬ ‫ایجاد‬ ‫هم‬ ‫از‬ ‫مستقل‬ ‫تصادفی‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫به‬ ‫و‬ ‫یکنواخت‬ ‫ها‬‫خروجی‬ ‫تمامی‬ ‫که‬ ‫ای‬‫گونه‬‫به‬.
•‫این‬‫باشد‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ ‫این‬ ‫واجد‬ ‫حداقل‬ ‫باید‬ ‫تابع‬:
‫مقاومت‬‫پرونده‬‫پیش‬:‫هر‬ ‫یرای‬H‫داده‬،‫شده‬‫محاسبه‬M‫به‬‫ای‬‫گونه‬‫که‬H=Rhash(M)‫باشد‬‫است‬ ‫دشوار‬.
‫تصادم‬ ‫مقاومت‬:‫ورودی‬ ‫هر‬ ‫برای‬M1‫ورودی‬ ‫یافتن‬ ،‫شده‬ ‫داده‬M2‫که‬ ‫ای‬‫گونه‬ ‫به‬hash(M2)=Rhash(M1)‫باشد‬
‫است‬ ‫دشوار‬.
‫مثال‬:
𝑥 ≔ RH "text" // x = 44709335
𝑥 ≔ RH "next" // x = 53639915
𝑥 ≔ RH "text" // x = 44709335
On my friends computer in the US:
𝑥 ≔ RH "text" // x = 44709335
‫‌ساز‌تصادفی‬‫م‬‫توابع‌دره‬
‫تصادفی‬ ‫ساز‬‫درهم‬ ‫تابع‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫برای‬SHA256
SHA256: TextFiles → 0, … , 2256 − 1
‫محاسبه‬ ‫برای‬ ‫بخواهند‬ ‫جهان‬ ‫کامپیوترهای‬ ‫تمامی‬ ‫اگر‬SHA256
‫شوند‬ ‫استفاده‬:
It takes ~“40 × 14 ⋅ 109
years” to find 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 s.t.
SHA256 𝑥1 = SHA256 𝑥2 .
‫فهرست‌مطالب‬
•‫اولیه‬ ‫مفاهیم‬
•‫دیجیتال‬ ‫امضای‬
•‫تصادفی‬ ‫ساز‬‫درهم‬ ‫تابع‬(Random Hash Function)
•‫بالک‬ ‫زنجیره‬((Block chain
•‫ارتباطی‬ ‫شبکه‬
•‫کل‬ ‫دفتر‬(Ledger)
•‫زنجیره‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫تولید‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫انتقال‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫سازی‬‫ذخیره‬
ITE 2016
‫دفتر‌کل‬
‫را‬ ‫افرراد‬ ‫های‬‫دارایی‬ ‫جدولی‬ ‫در‬ ‫رایانه‬ ‫هر‬
‫است‬‫کرده‬ ‫مشخص‬.
Alice
(Public)
Bob
(Public)
Charlie
(Public)
Dora
(Public)
Eliza
(Public)
10 BTC
0.2 BTC
0.001 BTC
2 BTC
17 BTC‫داشت‬ ‫یکسان‬ ‫جدول‬ ‫ها‬‫رایانه‬ ‫همه‬ ‫باید‬‫ه‬
‫باشند‬.
‫بیتی‬ ‫رشته‬ ‫یک‬ ‫تنها‬ ‫عمومی‬ ‫کلید‬
‫است‬.
‫‌ها‬‫ه‬‫شبکه‌رایان‬
‫یک‬blockchain‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫ای‬‫شبکه‬‫از‬ ‫را‬ ‫ارزش‬ ‫با‬ ‫اقالم‬ ‫اعضا‬ ‫آن‬‫کل‬ ‫دفتر‬ ‫طریق‬‫تبادل‬‫در‬ ‫که‬ ،‫کنند‬‫می‬
‫آن‬‫اعضا‬ ‫همه‬‫بوده‬ ‫پردازش‬ ‫حال‬ ‫در‬‫با‬ ‫همیشه‬ ‫محتوا‬ ‫و‬‫دیگران‬‫همگام‬‫در‬ ‫و‬‫هماهنگی‬‫عضو‬ ‫هر‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬
‫کند‬ ‫ارسال‬ ‫اعضا‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫به‬ ‫تواند‬‫می‬ ‫را‬ ‫هایش‬‫پیام‬.
‫از‬ ‫متشکل‬ ‫گره‬ ‫با‬ ‫همتا‬ ‫به‬ ‫همتا‬ ‫متمرکز‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫معماری‬ ‫یک‬‫کنندگان‬‫شرکت‬‫بازار‬ ‫در‬‫باشد‬‫می‬.
‫فهرست‌مطالب‬
•‫اولیه‬ ‫مفاهیم‬
•‫دیجیتال‬ ‫امضای‬
•‫تصادفی‬ ‫ساز‬‫درهم‬ ‫تابع‬(Random Hash Function)
•‫بالک‬ ‫زنجیره‬((Block chain
•‫ارتباطی‬ ‫شبکه‬
•‫کل‬ ‫دفتر‬(Ledger)
•‫زنجیره‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫تولید‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫انتقال‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫سازی‬‫ذخیره‬
ITE 2016
‫‌کوین‌چیست؟‬‫ت‬‫بی‬
14
•‫یک‬‫پروتکل‬‫کند‬‫می‬ ‫پشتیبانی‬ ‫همتا‬ ‫به‬ ‫همتا‬ ‫و‬ ‫گمنام‬ ‫شبه‬ ،‫غیرمتمرکز‬ ‫الکترونیکی‬ ‫ارز‬ ‫یک‬ ‫از‬ ‫که‬.
•‫صورتحساب‬ ‫دفتر‬ ‫یک‬(Ledger)‫کند‬‫می‬ ‫نگهداری‬ ‫را‬ ‫بالک‬ ‫زنجیره‬ ‫یک‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫های‬‫تراکنش‬ ‫اطالعات‬ ‫که‬.
•‫جایزه‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫یک‬-‫است‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫محاسبات‬ ‫در‬ ‫شرکت‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫مبنا‬.
‫‌کوین‬‫ت‬‫تولید‌بی‬-‫‌کوین‬‫ت‬‫استخراج‌بی‬
ITE 2016
•‫همه‬‫تالش‬‫کنند‬‫می‬‫تا‬‫یک‬
‫پازل‬‫را‬‫حل‬‫کنند‬.
•‫هرکس‬‫که‬‫سریعتر‬‫پازل‬‫را‬
‫حل‬،‫کرد‬‫کوین‬‫بیت‬‫جایزه‬
‫گیرد‬‫می‬.
•‫پاسخ‬‫یک‬،‫پازل‬‫در‬‫تعریف‬
‫پازل‬‫بعدی‬‫استفاده‬‫شو‬‫می‬‫د‬.
•‫این‬‫جایزه‬‫به‬‫دلیل‬‫کمک‬‫ب‬‫ه‬
‫امن‬‫کردن‬‫شبکه‬‫است‬.
H
L ∈ {0,1}* R ∈ {0,1}*
T ∈ {0,1}d
SolvePuzzle(L){
repeat{
R = my_name || i++
T = H(L,R)
}while(T ≠ 0d)
return R
}The puzzle:
given L, find R
such that T=0d
(a random function)
‫‌کوین‬‫ت‬‫تولید‌بی‬-‫‌کوین‬‫ت‬‫استخراج‌بی‬
ITE 2016
H
x0 = Start! x1 =(P1, i1)
000…000
x2=(P2, i1)
H
000…000
x3=(P3, i3)
H
000…000
P3
P1
P2
x1
x1
x2 x2
x3
x3
‫فهرست‌مطالب‬
•‫اولیه‬ ‫مفاهیم‬
•‫دیجیتال‬ ‫امضای‬
•‫تصادفی‬ ‫ساز‬‫درهم‬ ‫تابع‬(Random Hash Function)
•‫بالک‬ ‫زنجیره‬((Block chain
•‫ارتباطی‬ ‫شبکه‬
•‫کل‬ ‫دفتر‬(Ledger)
•‫زنجیره‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫تولید‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫انتقال‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫سازی‬‫ذخیره‬
ITE 2016
‫‌کوین‬‫ت‬‫انتقال‌بی‬
‫صورت‬ ‫به‬ ‫ها‬‫پیام‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫خالصه‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫به‬‫زیر‬
‫است‬:
Alice
(Public)
Transfer 0.1 BTC
from
to
Bob
(Public)
A
$ F T
‫ازتراکنش‬ ،‫پول‬ ‫ارسال‬ ‫برای‬‫کینم‬‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫ها‬.‫به‬ ‫تراکنش‬ ‫های‬‫پیام‬
‫هستند‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫صورت‬.
Gen
Sign Verify
message message, signature accept/reject
secret key public key
“Your username”“Your pin code”
P3
P1
‫‌کوین‬‫ت‬‫انتقال‌بی‬
...
(m1,s1)
...
(m2,s2)
...
(m4,s4)
m1 = “P3 gives coin 3 to P1”
s1 = Sig(sk3,m1)
m2 = “P3 gives coin 3 to P2”
s2 = Sig(sk3,m2)
write
(m1,s1)
write
(m2,s2)
read
(m1,s1)
P2
read
(m2,s2)
accept
reject
P4
m4 = “P1 gives coin 3 to P4”
s4 = Sig(sk1,m4)
write
(m4,s4)
read
(m4,s4)
‫فهرست‌مطالب‬
•‫اولیه‬ ‫مفاهیم‬
•‫دیجیتال‬ ‫امضای‬
•‫تصادفی‬ ‫ساز‬‫درهم‬ ‫تابع‬(Random Hash Function)
•‫بالک‬ ‫زنجیره‬((Block chain
•‫ارتباطی‬ ‫شبکه‬
•‫کل‬ ‫دفتر‬(Ledger)
•‫زنجیره‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫تولید‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫انتقال‬
•‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫سازی‬‫ذخیره‬
ITE 2016
‫‌کوین‬‫ت‬‫‌سازی‌بی‬‫ه‬‫ذخیر‬
‫اصلی‬ ‫هدف‬:
‫ها‬‫بالک‬ ‫زنجیره‬ ‫در‬ ‫ها‬‫تراکنش‬ ‫سازی‬‫ذخیره‬
‫‌کوین‬‫ت‬‫‌سازی‌بی‬‫ه‬‫ذخیر‬
ITE 2016
x4=(P4, (m,s), i4)
P1
P3
P2 P4
(m,s)
(m,s)
(m,s)
SolvePuzzle(L,...){
repeat{
R = my_name||(m,s)|| i++
T = H(L,R)
}while(T ≠ 0d)
return R
}
‫‌کوین‌کاوی‬‫ت‬‫بی‬
‫شود‬‫می‬ ‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫بانک‬ ‫از‬ ‫عضوی‬ ‫کند‬‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫از‬ ‫که‬ ‫هرکس‬.
‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫ها‬‫تراکنش‬ ‫تمامی‬ ‫تایید‬ ‫و‬ ‫مسایل‬ ‫حل‬ ‫برای‬ ‫مخصوص‬ ‫افزارهای‬‫نرم‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنندگان‬‫استخراج‬‫که‬ ‫کنند‬
‫گیرند‬‫می‬ ‫جایزه‬ ‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫محاسباتیشان‬ ‫توان‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫قبال‬ ‫در‬.
‫م‬ ‫تر‬‫سخت‬ ‫ریاضی‬ ‫پازل‬ ‫و‬ ‫تر‬‫امن‬ ‫شبکه‬ ،‫پیوندند‬‫می‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫به‬ ‫تری‬‫بیش‬ ‫کنندگان‬‫استخراج‬ ‫هرچه‬‫شود‬‫ی‬.
‫نیست‬ ‫امن‬ ‫کنندگانش‬‫استخراج‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫کوین‬‫بیت‬.
Mining Pool‫چیست؟‬
‫ریاضی‬ ‫مساله‬ ‫حد‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیش‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫سخت‬ ‫دلیل‬ ‫به‬ ‫انفرادی‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫به‬ ‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫استخراج‬‫به‬ ‫نیاز‬ ‫و‬
‫است‬ ‫غیرممکن‬ ‫امری‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫باال‬ ‫پردازشی‬ ‫توان‬.
‫است‬ ‫آمده‬ ‫دست‬ ‫به‬ ‫کوین‬‫بیت‬ ‫تقسیم‬ ‫و‬ ‫محاسباتی‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫از‬ ‫اشتراکی‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫حل‬‫راه‬.
‫اندازی‬‫راه‬ ‫یا‬ ‫اندازه‬ ‫خصوص‬ ‫در‬ ‫محدودیتی‬ ‫هیچ‬pool‫ندارد‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫جدید‬.

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