The document summarizes the events leading up to the declaration of Emergency in India in 1975. It describes the worsening economic, law and order, and political crises facing the country. This included high inflation, strikes, and growing corruption. It also discusses the popular movements against the Congress government in Gujarat and Bihar led by Jayaprakash Narayan that demanded dissolution of the state assemblies. Narayan formed the National Coordination Committee and challenged Indira Gandhi in upcoming elections. However, before elections could be held, the President declared a state of Emergency in 1975 based on the worsening conditions.

1. JP Movement and Emergency
Imposed In 1975
Shalender, B. Tech P-III, 14155070
Shubham Meena, IDD P-III, 14154007

2. 1. The Pre Emergency Crises
2. Gujarat and Bihar Movement
3. The JP Movement
4. The Emergency
5. Public Response to the Emergency
6. Towards Ending the Emergency
7. Surprise Elections 1977

3. The Pre Emergency Crises
1. Economic Situation worsened: 1971 Bangladesh war, Failed monsoon from 1972-73,
Crude oil prices increased four fold in 1973. It led to large scale industrial unrest and
strikes in 1972-73 and All India Railway Strike in May 1974.
2. Law and Order Situation worsened: Strikes, student protests, gheraos and bandhs
during 1974-75 which often turned violent. In May 1973, there was a mutiny by PAC in
Uttar Pradesh.

4. The Pre Emergency Crises
3. Political Situation Worsened: Congress had been declining as an organization, incapable of
dealing with the political crisis. Corruption was growing everywhere and people believed that
ruling party and administration were involved in it. Sanjay Gandhi maruti contract.
4. Growing detachment of three major social groups from congress:
I. Middle Classes: Due to rise in prices and corruption.
II. Rich Peasants: They perceived impending land reforms as threat.
III. Capitalists: Growing talk of socialism, nationalization of banks and coal
mining industry, anti-monopoly measures.

5. Gujarat and Bihar Unrest
• There were two popular movements against the congress governments in Gujarat and Bihar.
Bihar movement was led by Jayaprakash Narayan.
• In Jan 1974, anger rose over rising prices of foodgrains, cooking oil and other essential
commodities which soom took the form of a student movment. Mar 1975, Indira Gandhi
dissolved the Gujarat assembly and announced fresh elections to it in June.
• Bihar movement, inspired by Gujarat agitation, was started in Mar 1974 by students. Two
main features of Bihar movement were-
I. JP Narayan came out of political retirement to lead it and gave a call for ‘Total Revolution’.
He demanded dissolution of the assembly, asked people to setup parallel governments.

6. Gujarat and Bihar Unrest
II. Firm refusal of Indira Gandhi to accept the demand for dissolution of the assembly.
• JP movement was supported by students, middle classes, traders and non-left political
parties.
• JP movement failed to attract rural and urban poor.
• Indira challenged JP for upcoming elections (Feb-Mar 1976). JP accepted and formed
National Coordination Committee.
• 12 June, Justice Sinha, Allahabad Highcourt, declared Indira Gandhi’s election invalid on
ground of election malpractices. Appeal to SC- due for hearing on 14 July.

7. Gujarat and Bihar Unrest
• Justice VR Krishan Iyer decided on 24 June that she can stay in office and speak in
parliament but could not vote in it.
• Gujarat assembly elections: Janata Front won.
• JP & Coalition parties, not willing to wait for the result of her appeal to Supreme Court or
the Lok Sabha elections in 8 months, decided to throw the government by forcing her to
resign.
• On 25 June, at a rally in Delhi, JP announced a nationwide one-week campaign of mass
mobilization and civil disobedience to force her to resign, would be started on 29 June.