Organisms and populations complete lecture

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Shubhadeep Bhattacharjee

Chapter 13: Class XII BIOLOGY (CBSE)

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

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SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

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SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

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SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

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SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

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+ Indicates beneficial/ positive effect
- Indicates harmful/detrimental/negative
effect
0 Indicates neutral interaction/ no effect
on the species

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

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SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

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SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES

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Context. Determining the size distribution of asteroids is key to understanding the collisional history and evolution of the inner Solar System. Aims. We aim to improve our knowledge of the size distribution of small asteroids in the main belt by determining the parallaxes of newly detected asteroids in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archive and subsequently their absolute magnitudes and sizes. Methods. Asteroids appear as curved trails in HST images because of the parallax induced by the fast orbital motion of the spacecraft. Taking into account the trajectory of this latter, the parallax effect can be computed to obtain the distance to the asteroids by fitting simulated trajectories to the observed trails. Using distance, we can obtain the absolute magnitude of an object and an estimation of its size assuming an albedo value, along with some boundaries for its orbital parameters. Results. In this work, we analyse a set of 632 serendipitously imaged asteroids found in the ESA HST archive. Images were captured with the ACS/WFC and WFC3/UVIS instruments. A machine learning algorithm (trained with the results of a citizen science project) was used to detect objects in these images as part of a previous study. Our raw data consist of 1031 asteroid trails from unknown objects, not matching any entries in the Minor Planet Center (MPC) database using their coordinates and imaging time. We also found 670 trails from known objects (objects featuring matching entries in the MPC). After an accuracy assessment and filtering process, our analysed HST asteroid set consists of 454 unknown objects and 178 known objects. We obtain a sample dominated by potential main belt objects featuring absolute magnitudes (H) mostly between 15 and 22 mag. The absolute magnitude cumulative distribution logN(H > H0) ∝ αlog(H0) confirms the previously reported slope change for 15 < H < 18, from α ≈ 0.56 to α ≈ 0.26, maintained in our case down to absolute magnitudes of around H ≈ 20, and therefore expanding the previous result by approximately two magnitudes. Conclusions. HST archival observations can be used as an asteroid survey because the telescope pointings are statistically randomly oriented in the sky and cover long periods of time. They allow us to expand the current best samples of astronomical objects at no extra cost in regard to telescope time.

Hubble Asteroid Hunter III. Physical properties of newly found asteroids

Hubble Asteroid Hunter III. Physical properties of newly found asteroids

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RecoveringancientrecordsofEarth'smagneticfieldisessentialfordeterminingtheroleofthemagnetosphereinprotectingearlyEarthfromcosmicradiationandatmosphericescape.WepresentpaleomagneticfieldtestshintingthatarecordofEarth's3.7‐billion‐year(Ga)oldmagneticfieldmaybepreservedinthenortheasternIsuaSupracrustalBeltasachemicalremanentmagnetizationacquiredduringamphibolite‐grademetamorphisminthebandedironformation.MultiplepetrologicalandgeochronologicallinesofevidenceindicatethatthenorthernmostpartofIsuahasnotexperiencedmetamorphictemperaturesexceeding380°CsincetheEoarchean,suggestingtherockshavenotbeensignificantlyheatedsincemagnetizationwasacquired.Weuse“pseudo”bakedcontacttests(intrusionsemplaced3.26–3.5Gaago)andafoldtest(folding3.6Gaago)todemonstratethatsomesamplespreserveaca.3.7Garecordofthemagneticfield.Werecoverafieldstrengthof>15μT.ThissuggeststhatEarth'smagneticfieldmayhavebeenweakenoughtoenhanceatmosphericescapeduringtheArchean

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GBSN - Microbiology (Unit 1)

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Green chemistry and Sustainable development.pptx

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RajatChauhan518211

Understanding circumstellar disks is of prime importance in astrophysics, however, their birth process remains poorly constrained due to observational and numerical challenges. Recent numerical works have shown that the small-scale physics, often wrapped into a sub-grid model, play a crucial role in disk formation and evolution. This calls for a combined approach in which both the protostar and circumstellar disk are studied in concert. Aims. We aim to elucidate the small scale physics and constrain sub-grid parameters commonly chosen in the literature by resolving the star-disk interaction. Methods. We carry out a set of very high resolution 3D radiative-hydrodynamics simulations that self-consistently describe the collapse of a turbulent dense molecular cloud core to stellar densities. We study the birth of the protostar, the circumstellar disk, and its early evolution (< 6 yr after protostellar formation). Results. Following the second gravitational collapse, the nascent protostar quickly reaches breakup velocity and sheds its surface material, thus forming a hot (∼ 103 K), dense, and highly flared circumstellar disk. The protostar is embedded within the disk, such that material can flow without crossing any shock fronts. The circumstellar disk mass quickly exceeds that of the protostar, and its kinematics are dominated by self-gravity. Accretion onto the disk is highly anisotropic, and accretion onto the protostar mainly occurs through material that slides on the disk surface. The polar mass flux is negligible in comparison. The radiative behavior also displays a strong anisotropy, as the polar accretion shock is shown to be supercritical whereas its equatorial counterpart is subcritical. We also f ind a remarkable convergence of our results with respect to initial conditions. Conclusions. These results reveal the structure and kinematics in the smallest spatial scales relevant to protostellar and circumstellar disk evolution. They can be used to describe accretion onto regions commonly described by sub-grid models in simulations studying larger scale physics.

Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks

Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks

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Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Biopesticide (2).pptx .This slides helps to know the different types of biop...

Biopesticide (2).pptx .This slides helps to know the different types of biop...

Biopesticide (2).pptx .This slides helps to know the different types of biop...

Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation: Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases. Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses. Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease. Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe. Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases. Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses. Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations. Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach. Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

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Presentation Vikram Lander by Vedansh Gupta.pptx

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GBSN - Microbiology (Unit 2)

GBSN - Microbiology (Unit 2)

GBSN - Microbiology (Unit 2)

Bacterial Identification and Classifications

Bacterial Identification and Classifications

Bacterial Identification and Classifications

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SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx

SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx

SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx

RizalinePalanog2

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Seismic Method Estimate velocity from seismic data.pptx

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COST ESTIMATION FOR A RESEARCH PROJECT.pptx

FarihaAbdulRasheed

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Theoretical predictions and observational data indicate a class of sub-Neptune exoplanets may have water-rich interiors covered by hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. Provided suitable climate conditions, such planets could host surface liquid oceans. Motivated by recent JWST observations of K2-18 b, we self-consistently model the photochemistry and potential detectability of biogenic sulfur gases in the atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptune waterworlds for the first time. On Earth today, organic sulfur compounds produced by marine biota are rapidly destroyed by photochemical processes before they can accumulate to significant levels. Domagal-Goldman et al. suggest that detectable biogenic sulfur signatures could emerge in Archean-like atmospheres with higher biological production or low UV flux. In this study, we explore biogenic sulfur across a wide range of biological fluxes and stellar UV environments. Critically, the main photochemical sinks are absent on the nightside of tidally locked planets. To address this, we further perform experiments with a 3D general circulation model and a 2D photochemical model (VULCAN 2D) to simulate the global distribution of biogenic gases to investigate their terminator concentrations as seen via transmission spectroscopy. Our models indicate that biogenic sulfur gases can rise to potentially detectable levels on hydrogen-rich water worlds, but only for enhanced global biosulfur flux (20 times modern Earth’s flux). We find that it is challenging to identify DMS at 3.4 μm where it strongly overlaps with CH4, whereas it is more plausible to detect DMS and companion byproducts, ethylene (C2H4) and ethane (C2H6), in the mid-infrared between 9 and 13 μm. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Exoplanet atmospheres (487); Exoplanet

Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds

Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds

Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds

On 26 January 2023, a military pilot reported four potential unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) while operating in the Eglin Air Force Base training range off the coast of Florida. Through the onboard radar system, the pilot initially observed that the four objects were aloft between 16,000 – 18,000 feet and appeared to be flying in formation. However the pilot observed only one of the four objects visually and captured two images of the single object via the aircraft’s electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensor (see Figures 1A and 1B). The pilot could not record video of the event because the aircraft’s video recording equipment was inoperable prior to and during the aircraft’s flight. The pilot observed this single object aloft at 16,000 feet. The following case information is based on the pilot’s initial report and a subsequent discussion that AARO held with the pilot to seek additional details about the pilot’s observation of the reported object.

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office U.S. Department of Defense (U) Case: “Eg...

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office U.S. Department of Defense (U) Case: “Eg...

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office U.S. Department of Defense (U) Case: “Eg...

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GBSN - Microbiology (Unit 1)

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Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks

Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks

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Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Biopesticide (2).pptx .This slides helps to know the different types of biop...

Biopesticide (2).pptx .This slides helps to know the different types of biop...

Biopesticide (2).pptx .This slides helps to know the different types of biop...

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

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Presentation Vikram Lander by Vedansh Gupta.pptx

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Stunning ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Panchshil Enclave Delhi NCR

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SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx

SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx

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Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds

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All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office U.S. Department of Defense (U) Case: “Eg...

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office U.S. Department of Defense (U) Case: “Eg...

All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office U.S. Department of Defense (U) Case: “Eg...

Organisms and populations complete lecture

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