MCJ 5135, Theory of Crime and Criminology 1 Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 3. Explain the biological and psychological theories of criminal behavior. 3.1 Identify five major theoretical approaches for identifying causes of criminal behavior. 3.2 Relate major theories of criminal behavior to specific issues. 3.3 Analyze whether developmental disabilities are a cause of criminal behavior. Course/Unit Learning Outcomes Learning Activity 3 Unit lesson 3.1 Chapter 1 (selection); Chapter 5 (selection); Chapter 6 (selection); Essay 3.2 Chapter 6 (selection); Essay 3.3 Chapter 6 (selection); Essay Reading Assignment Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology, pp. 11–13 (Crime and Criminal Law), pp. 13–14 (Who Defines Crime? Criminological Definitions) Chapter 5: Early and Classical Criminological Theories, pp. 109 (Table 5.1), pp. 112 (Table 5.2), pp. 111–112 (Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham) Chapter 6: Biological and Psychological Theories, pp. 128–133 (Biological Theories) Unit Lesson How is Criminal Mentality Created? Every thinking person has a theory on what causes criminal behavior. What is yours? How much of your current fortune would you be willing to stake on whether your theory is correct? Before you respond, read Tables 5.1 and 5.2 of the textbook. Do not memorize the data; just get a feel for how humans hoping to find a solution to stop crime try to explain behavior and the efforts spent on understanding criminals. As you contemplate your own theory or theories on causation, add the following to your deliberation: the earliest known tradition of classifying crime and punishment was the Code of Ur-Nammu, King of Ur around 2050 BCE. The fifth king of Babylonia in the kingdom of Mesopotamia, Hammurabi, borrowed some of King Ur’s ideas and chiseled 282 laws and punishments in stone. For at least 4,066 years, crime and criminal activity have been of interest to governments, yet, to date, there has been no solution to stopping crime (King, 2008). Can we not conclude there is no solution to crime—no magic bullet? Theories of Criminal Mentality Creation Table 5.1 provides seven theoretical schools of thought on criminology, and except for “demonological (study of demons)” and “ecological (geographic)” schools, the remaining five provide a basis for classifying criminal behavior based on one or more of the theoretical schools listed in the right column (Hagan, 2017). Even those remaining schools could lead to analytical dissection; an example would be a closer look at Karl Marx’s school of thought that capitalism, social class inequality, and economic conditions cause crime. Perhaps we must accept there is no one classification that fits all crimes or all criminals, and all humans are not created equal, not in the sense of the U.S. Constitution, but as we are self-thinkers. No two humans think UNIT I STUDY GUI ...

1. MCJ 5135, Theory of Crime and Criminology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Explain the biological and psychological theories of criminal
behavior.
3.1 Identify five major theoretical approaches for identifying
causes of criminal behavior.
3.2 Relate major theories of criminal behavior to specific
issues.
3.3 Analyze whether developmental disabilities are a cause of
criminal behavior.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
3 Unit lesson
3.1 Chapter 1 (selection); Chapter 5 (selection); Chapter 6
(selection); Essay
3.2 Chapter 6 (selection); Essay
3.3 Chapter 6 (selection); Essay

2. Reading Assignment
Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology, pp. 11–13 (Crime and
Criminal Law), pp. 13–14 (Who Defines Crime?
Criminological Definitions)
Chapter 5: Early and Classical Criminological Theories, pp. 109
(Table 5.1), pp. 112 (Table 5.2), pp. 111–112
(Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham)
Chapter 6: Biological and Psychological Theories, pp. 128–133
(Biological Theories)
Unit Lesson
How is Criminal Mentality Created?
Every thinking person has a theory on what causes criminal
behavior. What is yours? How much of your
current fortune would you be willing to stake on whether your
theory is correct? Before you respond, read
Tables 5.1 and 5.2 of the textbook. Do not memorize the data;
just get a feel for how humans hoping to find a
solution to stop crime try to explain behavior and the efforts
spent on understanding criminals. As you
contemplate your own theory or theories on causation, add the
following to your deliberation: the earliest
known tradition of classifying crime and punishment was the
Code of Ur-Nammu, King of Ur around 2050
BCE. The fifth king of Babylonia in the kingdom of
Mesopotamia, Hammurabi, borrowed some of King Ur’s
ideas and chiseled 282 laws and punishments in stone. For at

3. least 4,066 years, crime and criminal activity
have been of interest to governments, yet, to date, there has
been no solution to stopping crime (King, 2008).
Can we not conclude there is no solution to crime—no magic
bullet?
Theories of Criminal Mentality Creation
Table 5.1 provides seven theoretical schools of thought on
criminology, and except for “demonological (study
of demons)” and “ecological (geographic)” schools, the
remaining five provide a basis for classifying criminal
behavior based on one or more of the theoretical schools listed
in the right column (Hagan, 2017). Even those
remaining schools could lead to analytical dissection; an
example would be a closer look at Karl Marx’s
school of thought that capitalism, social class inequality, and
economic conditions cause crime.
Perhaps we must accept there is no one classification that fits
all crimes or all criminals, and all humans are
not created equal, not in the sense of the U.S. Constitution, but
as we are self-thinkers. No two humans think
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Theories of Criminal
Behavior
MCJ 5135, Theory of Crime and Criminology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

4. Title
exactly alike—it would be rather boring to have a friend that
thinks exactly as one does. Note that under the
classical (neoclassical) theoretical approach, the major concepts
of criminality are criminals are rational,
hedonistic, and free actors.
Rationalization posits that criminals use logic to justify the
commitment of crimes—my company does not pay
me enough money; the company has excess money; therefore, I
will take some of the company’s money.
The hedonist thinks primarily of how to find and enjoy pleasure
no matter what crime needs to be committed
to achieve the pleasure goal. The concepts of ownership,
boundaries, and laws do not deter this criminal.
The free-actor believes there should be no societal restraints on
a free person’s action, so the thought of an
act being a crime is never considered (Hagan, 2017).
Who Gets to Decide What a Crime Is?
The simple answer is that each of us decides what a crime is and
how we integrate our definition of crime with
our actions when alone and when in society. However, there is
then the society of which we are a part, and
society also determines what is a crime. In short, at each level
of government, there are institutions that
decide what a crime is. At the local level, this is the city
council. At the state level, it is the legislature, and at
the federal level, Congress makes law.

5. Life runs a smooth course as long as our private definition of
crime and society is the same. This thinking
brings us full circle to the major theoretical approaches to
understanding criminology because understanding
how we develop our own internal definitions of crime
eventually affects society’s definition of crimes.
One also needs to question if there are any members of any
society that are not subject to one of the
concepts. The development team of the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI) would say no.
They do not believe people are always honest when taking this
test. The 2016 version of the MMPI is
designed to evaluate 15 separate personality traits such as
anxiety, alienation, and anger and to ensure the
subject is telling the truth when responding to the instrument
that contains 338 true/false questions. Fifteen
questions are inserted into the test to determine whether a
person is attempting to sway the outcome
(Framingham, 2016).
A representative question of this section is about shoplifting. A
response admitting shoplifting is expected
from the subject because the creators of the MMPI believe
everyone, normally, as adolescents, has shoplifted
at least once. In taking this one data point, it is possible to
conclude that a high percentage of members of a
society have committed at least one crime. True, it is a small
crime, but the actor can be classified and placed
in one of the theories we are studying.
Purpose of Classifying Why Humans Commit Criminal Acts
Not much analysis is required for this idea; the theoretical
approach to criminology is a solid basis for devising
methods for controlling criminal behavior. Keep in mind that no

6. governments or societies have eliminated
criminal activity for more than 4,066 years. The field of
criminal justice has always included three divisions:
enforcement of laws, adjudication of guilt, and corrections,
usually incarceration. During this course, you will
be required to add one more non-traditional division to these—
child development and its effect on criminal
behavior.
Child development specialists have established that children
develop a unique value system by age 6, and
they practice using this newly developed value and behavioral
system from age 6 to puberty (Piaget, 1962).
After puberty, the emerging adult makes very few changes to
the value and behavioral system. If this is true,
then some, but not all, of the major theoretical approaches in
criminology can be negated by parents
developing value and behavioral systems in their children that
are centered on respect for the rule of law.
For example, the positivistic biological school’s mental
deficiency subset could not be changed by the
parents, but perhaps it could be diagnosed earlier instead of
when the individual commits a criminal act.
Do not be quick to dismiss any of the theoretical approaches.
For example, a teacher at a Christian school
may believe that all criminal activities, including terrorist
attacks, are caused by the devil. The demonological
theoretical school covers this attitude (Hagan, 2017). In the
mid-1900s, the Maya Indians in Guatemala

7. MCJ 5135, Theory of Crime and Criminology 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
offered sacrifices to Mayan gods on the steps of the Basilica of
Esquipulas because they wanted to take no
chances by ignoring either the Christian or Mayan deities. They
believed crime would run rampant in their
villages if they did. Benjamin Franklin was an agnostic, but
believed that religions provided a great service to
society by helping temper humans' propensity to commit crimes.
For practice, can you associate Franklin’s
belief with one or more of the major theorists listed in Table
5.1?
The Value of Understanding the Theories of Criminal Behavior
Review once again the lists of important developments in
criminological theory (Table 5.2) and try to
understand the time, effort, and skills required to develop each
theory and how the publication of it to the
criminal justice world affected crime. Some argue the crime rate
has not improved for more than 4,066 years;
others argue it has. Where would you feel safer taking an
evening stroll: West Englewood in Chicago, Illinois,
where the Latin Kings gang reigns, or Yokosuka, Japan?
Statistically, West Englewood is the most dangerous
neighborhood in the United States, and Japan is the safest
country. Why the difference? As graduate criminal
justice students, the understanding of criminological theories
affecting these polar differences is imperative.
Consider the following example. In 1979 at 5 a.m., an American

8. male was riding his bicycle from his home in
Tsukuihama, Japan, on the Miurakaigan Peninsula to a
destination 13 kilometers(about eight miles) away.
There were no cars or pedestrians to be seen, so when the man
came to a red traffic light, he blew through it
only to be honked at by a local taxi cab driver. The man,
realizing that he stood out because he was the only
foreigner living in Tsukuihama, stopped, returned to the cab,
and offered an apology for his behavior. The cab
driver and man became friends from that day until the cab
driver passed away. Had the man not stopped and
conformed to the Japanese custom, the reputation of Americans
on the peninsula would have taken a hit. The
question then becomes what is the difference in behavior
instilled in Japanese and not in some Westerners?
Is it parental training? Could it be the stationing of small, three-
person police stations, throughout Japan? It
should be noted that these stations act as the main contact with
law enforcement. Traditionally, and even
today, the officers working these small stations provide
emergency services, deliver babies, police stray
animals, and have been known to provide marriage counseling.
Your goal in this course is to tie theory to practice and real-life
situations like the example above and become
a vital part of the criminal justice system. Each of the seven
remaining units addresses specific areas of
criminal justice so that you can develop, practice, or refine your
skill sets and analyze and argue the issues
presented from both sides. There are no right or wrong
distinctions in criminal justice, so practice your skills
and always look at both sides of everything you encounter in
your career. Confucius, in Chapter III of Book II
(Wei Chang) gave us his idea of criminology:

9. If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given
them by punishments, they will try to
avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be
led by virtue, and uniformity sought to
be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense
of shame, and moreover will become
good. (The Analects, Book II, Chapter 3).
References
Framingham, J. (2016). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI). Retrieved from
https://psychcentral.com/lib/minnesota-multiphasic-personality-
inventory-mmpi/
Hagan, F. E. (2017). Introduction to criminology: Theories,
methods, and criminal behavior (9th ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
King, L. W. (2008). The Code of Hammurabi. Retrieved from
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp
Piaget, J. (1962). The moral judgement of the child. New York,
NY: Free Press Paperbacks.
MCJ 5135, Theory of Crime and Criminology 4

10. UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Suggested Reading
In order to access the following resources, click the links
below:
This link will direct you to a list of the 20 safest cities in the
world. You are encouraged to explore these crime
statistics:
Bertrand, N., Fuchs, E., & Piquero, A. R. (2015). 20 of the
safest cities in the world. Retrieved from
http://www.businessinsider.com/the-20-safest-cities-in-the-
world-2015-1
This link will direct you to a list of the persons killed in
Chicago for November 2016. Take a few minutes to
view these interesting crime statistics:
DNAinfo. (n.d.) Chicago murders. Retrieved from
https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/2016-chicago-
murders/timeline?mon=11
Learning Activities (Nongraded)
Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in
their course of study. You do not have to submit
them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further

11. guidance and information.
The following resources will help you to prepare for the writing
assignments in this course. You are
encouraged to view and complete them to get a head start on the
assignments and brush up on the skills you
will need in this course.
Click here to go to the APA page in the Learning Resources
section of the myCSU Student Portal. Click on
APA Paper Examples, then view or print the Research Paper
Example. After reviewing this example, open a
Word document, and set up a research paper template based on
this example. Be sure to add a running
head, title page, and headings. This will give you a template to
use for the writing assignments in this course.
Also, click here to access the Legal Citations section created by
the CSU Writing Center. This short
presentation (15 minutes) will help you to master the legal
citations you will be using in this course.
http://www.businessinsider.com/the-20-safest-cities-in-the-
world-2015-1
https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/2016-chicago-
murders/timeline?mon=11
https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/2016-chicago-
murders/timeline?mon=11
https://mycsu.columbiasouthern.edu/student/resources/learning/
http://columbiasouthern.adobeconnect.com/legalcitations/
Required Readings
Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2018). Evidence-based

12. practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (4th
ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
· Chapter 10, “The Role of Outcomes on Evidence-based
Quality Improvement and enhancing and Evaluating Practice
Changes” (pp. 293–312)
· Chapter 12, “Leadership Strategies for Creating and
Sustaining Evidence-based Practice Organizations” (pp. 328–
343)
· Chapter 14, “Models to Guide Implementation and
Sustainability of Evidence-based Practice” (pp. 378–427)
Gallagher-Ford, L., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., &
Stillwell, S. B. (2011). Evidence-based practice, step by step:
Implementing an evidence-based practice change. American
Journal of Nursing, 111(3), 54–60.
doi:10.1097/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000395243.14347.7e. Retrieved
from
https://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Fulltext/2011/03000/Evidenc
e_Based_Practice,_Step_by_Step_.31.aspx
Newhouse, R. P., Dearholt, S., Poe, S., Pugh, L. C., & White,
K. M. (2007). Organizational change strategies for evidence-
based practice. Journal of Nursing Administration, 37(12), 552–
557. doi:0.1097/01.NNA.0000302384.91366.8f. Retrieved from
http://downloads.lww.com/wolterskluwer_vitalstream_com/jour
nal_library/nna_00020443_2007_37_12_552.pdf
Melnyk, B. M. (2012). Achieving a high-reliability organization
through implementation of the ARCC model for systemwide
sustainability of evidence-based practice. Nursing
Administration Quarterly, 36(2), 127–135.
doi:10.1097/NAQ.0b013e318249fb6a
Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Gallagher-Ford, L., &
Stillwell, S. B. (2011). Evidence-based practice, step by step:
Sustaining evidence-based practice through organizational

13. policies and an innovative model. American Journal of Nursing,
111(9), 57–60. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000405063.97774.0e.
Retrieved from
https://www.nursingcenter.com/nursingcenter_redesign/media/E
BP/AJNseries/Sustaining.pdf
Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Giggleman, M., & Choy,
K. (2017). A test of the ARCC© model improves
implementation of evidence-based practice, healthcare culture,
and patient outcomes. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing,
14(1), 5–9. doi:10.1111/wvn.12188. Retrieved from
https://sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/wvn.
12188
Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Gallagher-Ford, L., &
Stillwell, S. B. (2011). Evidence-based practice, step by step:
Sustaining evidence-based practice through organizational
policies and an innovative model. American Journal of Nursing,
111(9), 57–60. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000405063.97774.0e.
Retrieved from
https://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Fulltext/2011/09000/Evidenc
e_Based_Practice,_Step_by_Step__Sustaining.27.aspx
Evidence-Based Practice
2 pages Discussion: Developing a Culture of Evidence-Based
Practice
As your EBP skills grow, you may be called upon to share your
expertise with others. While EBP practice is often conducted
with unique outcomes in mind, EBP practitioners who share
their results can both add to the general body of knowledge and
serve as an advocate for the application of EBP.
In this Discussion, you will explore strategies for disseminating
EBP within your organization, community, or industry.

14. ·
Review the Resources and reflect on the various strategies
presented throughout the course that may be helpful in
disseminating effective and widely cited EBP.
· This may include: unit-level or organizational-level
presentations, poster presentations, and podium presentations at
organizational, local, regional, state, and national levels, as
well as publication in peer-reviewed journals.
· Reflect on which type of dissemination strategy you might use
to communicate EBP.
Post at least two dissemination strategies you would be most
inclined to use and explain why. Explain which dissemination
strategies you would be least inclined to use and explain why.
Identify at least two barriers you might encounter when using
the dissemination strategies you are most inclined to use. Be
specific and provide examples. Explain how you might
overcome the barriers you identified.
Please citations must match references.
Thanks