This document discusses the concept of intelligent substations in power distribution systems. It describes how intelligent substations utilize digital and information technologies to integrate monitoring, control, and protection systems. Key features include sharing information over an optical bus, remote monitoring of equipment, and standardized interfaces between devices from different vendors. The document also outlines various power system control applications that could benefit from intelligent techniques, such as generation scheduling, voltage control, security assessment, and emergency control. Devices like switchgear, transformers, and protection and control equipment can all contribute to building intelligent substations through integrated monitoring and control.

1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POWER
SYSTEM
A Technical seminar Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted By
D.DHRUVANITHIN
[RollNo:20Q65A0211]
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Mr. T KRANTHI KUMAR
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
AVANTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Gunthapally (V), Abdullapurmet (M), R.R. Dist.,
Hyderabad: 501512.
2022 – 2023

2. AVANTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Gunthapally (V), Abdullapurmet (M), R.R. Dist.,
Hyderabad: 501512
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical seminar work entitled “ ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE IN POWER SYSTEMS ” is being submitted by
D.DHRUVANITHIN, Roll No 20Q65A0211 in partial fulfillment for the award of B.Tech
in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING to the JNTU Hyderabad during
academic year 2022- 2023.The results presented in this thesis have been verified and are
found to be satisfactory. The results presented in this thesis have not been submitted to any
other University for the award of any other degree.
M.RAGINI
Project Supervisor Head of the Department
Dr.G RAMCHANDRA REDDY
Principal External Examiner

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any work would be
incomplete without naming the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and
encouragement made this work perfect.
I respectfully acknowledge project guide Mr. T KRANTHI KUMAR Assistant
Professor in Department of EEE, all our professors and staff members for their support,
encouragement, advice and their guidance.
My special thanks to our Head of the Department for Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for having kindly obliged to take the onus of guiding us for this project.
I wish to convey my gratitude and express sincere thanks to all P.R.C (Project
Review Committee) members for their support and Co-operation rendered for successful
submission of our project work.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Shri Dr.G RAMCHANDRA REDDY,
Principal of Avanthi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad for his consistent
help and encouragement to complete the project work.
I am very much thankful to Shri M.SRINIVAS RAO Chairman of Avanthi Institute
of Engineering & Technology & Management for their help in providing good facilities in
our college.
Finally I would like to express my sincere thanks to entire E.E.E. Department.
Submitted By
D.DHRUVANITHIN
[Roll No:20Q65A0211]]

4. DECLARATION
I D.DHRUVANITHIN student of Avanthi Institute of Engineering and Technology
Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad Pursuing final year B.Tech, hereby declare that the project
work entitled "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POWER SYSTEMS" is an original
work done by me. The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my
Knowledge.
The report is submitted as a partial fulfillment for award of B.Tech Degree during
the academic year 2022-2023.
Submitted By
D.DHRUVANITHIN
[Roll No:20Q65A0211]

5. ABSTRACT
Recently, due to concerns about the liberalization of electricity
supply,deregulation, and global impact on the environment,
securing a reliable power supply has become an important
social need worldwide. To ensure this need isfulfilled, detailed
investigations and developments are in progress on power
distribution systems and the monitoring of apparatus. These
are on (1) “digitaltechnology” based on the application of
semiconductor high-speed elements, (2)intelligent substations
applying IT (information technology), and (3)
systemconfigurations aimed at high-speed communication.
Incorporated in these aredemands for the future intelligent
control of substations, protection, monitoring,and
communication systems that have advantages in terms of high
performance,functional distribution, information-sharing and
integrated power distributionmanagement. Today’s
conventional apparatus also requires streamlining of functions,
improvements in sensor technology, and standardized
interfaces. By promoting these developments, the following
savings for the whole system can be expected: (1) reduced
costs in remote surveillance in the field of
apparatusmonitoring, operation, and maintenance, (2) reduced
maintenance costs based on the integrated management of
equipment, and (3) reduced costs due to spacesaving as a result
of miniaturizing equipment.
2

6. CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………… 4
2.SUBSTATION………………………………………………………………………….
5
2.1.TRANSMISSIONSUBSTATION…………………………………………… 6
2.2.DISTRIBUTIONSUBSTATION……………………………………………. 6
3.INTELLIGENTSUBSTATION…………………………………………………8
3.1.
CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENTSUBSTATIONS…………………… 8
3.2.
APPARATUS MONITORINGSYSTEM………………………………… 8
3.3.
POWER SYSTEMCONTROLS……………………………………………. 10
4.
DEVICES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO AN
INTELLIGENTSUBSTATION………………………….… 12
4.1.
SWITCHGEAR AND TRANSFORMER……………………………..… 12
3
4.2.

7. PROTECTION ANDCONTROL………………………………………… 13
5.
LATEST PROTECTION AND CONTROLSYSTEM……………..… 14
5.1.
UNIFIED PROTECTION AND CONTROLUNIT……………….. 15
5.2.
REMOTE CONTROL FUNCTIONSBY
WEBCORRESPONDENCE………………………………………….. 17
5.3.
CONNECTION BETWEEN PROTECTION/CONTROL EQUIPMENT
ANDAPPARATUS……………………. 19
6.
TASK FORCE SCOPE AND GENERALGUIDELINES…………… 22
6.1.
TASK FORCE REPORTOUTLINE……………………………………… 24
6.2.
SUMMARY OF PANELPRESENTATIONS……………………….. 27
7.
CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………. 29
8.
REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………. 30

8. 1.INTRODUCTION
The upgradation of our 500-kV trunk transmission system has
almost beencompleted, and the electricity system has been
considerably improved. Yet, costreductions are required to
cope with the entry of IPP (Independent Power Producer) and
the introduction of power source distributors caused by the
Deregulation of electric utilities. To achieve this, each electricity
supply companyis decreasing expenditure by efficiently using
equipment, improving operations,and effectively controlling
plant-and-equipment investment. In addition, power systems
will become more complex, requiring operation in an uncertain
and lessstructured environment. Consequently, secure and
economic operation of power systems requires improved and
innovative methods of control.
The power distribution system also requires reductions in initial
investments, such as the unit price of apparatus and
miniaturization, and reduced costs for the whole life
cycle,including the operation/maintenance costs of the
substation system. Theconstruction of a new power distribution
system has been considered to meetthese requirements. It will
adopt “digital technology” and “IT-relatedtechnology,” which
has made rapid advances in recent years.This system aims at
minimizing the total cost, not only reducing of theunit price but
also the cost of installation, construction, operation,

9. andmaintenance. This article discusses the construction of
intelligent substations in the power distribution system, as well
as protection/control-unified equipment asexamples of the
new technology.
2.SUBSTATION
A substation is a part of an
electricalgeneration,transmission,anddistributionsystem.
Substations transformvoltagefrom high to low, or thereverse,
or perform any of several other important functions.
Electrielectrocution
Flow through several substations between generating plant and
consumer, and itsvoltage may change in several steps.A
substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage
whiledecreasing thecurrent, while a step-down transformer
decreases the voltagewhile increasing the current for domestic
and commercial distribution. The wordsubstation comes from
the days before the distribution system became agrid. The first
substations were connected to only one power station, where
the generatorswere housed, and were subsidiaries of that
power station.Substations generally have switching, protection
and control equipment,and transformers. In a large
substation,circuit breakersare used to interrupt anyshort
circuitsor overload currents that may occur on the network.
Smaller distribution stations may userecloser circuit breakersor
fusesfor protection of distribution circuits. Substations

10. themselves do not usually have generators,although a power
plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such
ascapacitorsandvoltage regulatorsmay also be located at a
substation.Substations may be on the surface in fenced
enclosures, underground, or located in special-purpose
buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor
substations. Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas
to reduce thenoise from the transformers, for reasons of
appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme climate or
pollution conditions.Where a substation has a metallic fence, it
must be properlygrounded (UK: earthed) to protect people
from high voltages that may occur during a faultin the network.
Earth faults at a substation can cause aground potential
rise.Currents flowing in the Earth’s surface during a fault can
cause metal objects tohave a significantly different voltage than
the ground under a person’s feet; thistouch potential presents
a hazard of electrocution.
2.1.TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission
lines. Thesimplest case is where all transmission lines have the
same voltage. In suchcases, the substation contains high-
voltage switches that allow lines to beconnected or isolated for
fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission stationmay
havetransformers to convert between two transmission
voltages, voltage control/ power factor correctiondevices such

11. as capacitors, reactors or static VAr compensatorsand
equipment such as phase shifting transformersto control power
flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission
substations canrange from simple to complex. A small
“switching station” may be little morethan a busplus
somecircuit breakers. The largest transmission substations
cancover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple
voltage levels, manycircuit breakers and a large amount of
protection and control equipment (voltageand
currenttransformers,relaysandSCADAsystems). Modern
substations may be implemented using International Standards
such asIEC61850.
2.2.DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission
system tothe distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to
directly connectelectricity consumers to the main transmission
network, unless they use largeamounts of power, so the distribution
station reduces voltage to a value suitablefor local distribution.The
input for a distribution substation is typically at least two
transmissionor subtransmission lines. Input voltage may be, for
example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a
number of feeders. Distribution voltagesare typically medium voltage,
between 2.4 and 33 kV depending on the size of the area served and
the practices of the local utility.The feeders run along streets
overhead (or underground, in some cases)and power the distribution
transformers at or near the customer premises.

12. In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also
isolatefaults in either the transmission or distribution systems.
Distribution substationsare typically the points of voltage regulation,
although on long distributioncircuits (of several miles/kilometers),
voltage regulation equipment may also beinstalled along the line.The
downtown areas of large cities feature complicated
distributionsubstations, with high-voltage switching, and switching
and backup systems onthe low-voltage side. More typical distribution
substations have a switch, onetransformer, and minimal facilities on
the low-voltage side.
3.INTELLIGENT SUBSTATION
3.1.CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENTSUBSTATvendor
In conventional substations, substation apparatus, such as switchgear
andtransformer, control, protection and monitoring equipment is
independent of every other device, and connection is based on the
signals coming through thecable. On the other hand, an intelligent
substation shares all information onapparatus, control, protection,
measurement and apparatus monitoring equipmentthrough one bus
by applying both “digital technology” and “IT-
relatedtechnology.”Moreover, high efficiency and miniaturization can
be achieved becausethe local cubicle contains unified
control/protection and measurement equipmentthat is one integrated
system (see Fig. 1). Since an optical bus shares theinformation
between the apparatus and equipment, the amount of cable is
sharplyreduced. Moreover, as international standards (IEC 61850 and
61375 etc.) areadopted and the system conforms to the
telecommunications standard, equipmentspecifications can be
standardized for different vendors.

13. 3.2.APPARATUS MONITORING SYSTEM
All the data from each monitoring and measuring device is
transmittedand used for a higher-level monitoring system via an
optical bus. The requireddata is accessed through the Intranet or the
Internet at the maintenance site of anelectricity supply company or a
manufacturer and the apparatus can be monitoredfrom a remote
location. The construction, analysis and diagnosis of the
databaseincluding trend management and history management also
become possible. As aresult, signs of abnormalities can be checked
out well in advance, and promptaction can be taken in times of
emergency.Maintenance plans can also be drafted to ensure reliability,
by inspectingrevision description and parts management, efficient
maintenance planning andreliability maintenance are also realized
simultanesimplifie
Fig. 1—Intelligent Substation System Configuration (Image). The
whole substation system is combined by optical LAN, and apparatus
composition is simplified.
3.3.POWER SYSTEM CONTROLS
Power system controls can be broadly classified into two categories:
localand area (regional/system-wide). The boundary between these
two categories isnot precise as area controls are often implemented
by optimally adjusting localcontrol parameters and set points. Area
controls main characteristic is the need to process information
gathered at various points of the network and to model the behavior
of large parts of the power system. This type of control is usually
notlimited to the automatic feedback type but often includes
strategies based onempirical knowledge and human intervention.
Local control, on the other hand, istypically implemented using
conventional automatic control rules, such as, PIDcontrol, which are

14. believed to offer adequate performance in most applications.Still, this
is not to discount the usefulness of new intelligent methodologies,
suchas, fuzzy logic controllers, for local controls.
For convenience, power system higher level controls are classified
here as:
•Generation scheduling and automatic control
:Includes unit commitment,economic dispatch, and automatic
generation control; in the past, wellestablished control methods were
used but this situation has been changing todeal with the new
scenario created by the power industry restructuring;
•Voltage control
:Is mostly of the local type but some systems have alreadygone to a
higher coordinated secondary control to allow a more effective useof
reactive power sources and increase stability margins;
•Preventive security control
:Has the objective to detect insecure operating points and to suggest
corrective actions; the grand challenges in this area areon-line
Dynamic and Voltage Security Assessment (DSA and VSA);
•Emergency control
:Manages the problem of controlling the system after alarge
disturbance; it is an event driven type of control and includes special
protection schemes;
•Restorative control
Its main function is to re-energize the system after amajor
disturbance followed by a partial or total blackout.

15. Intelligent system techniques may be of great help in the
implementationof area power system controls. Most of these
applications require large quantitiesof system information, which can
be provided by modern telecommunicationsand computing
technology, but require new processing techniques able to
extractsalient information from these large sets of raw data.
Importantly, such large datasets are never error free and often
contain various types of uncertainty. Finally,control actions may be
based on operating strategies specified in qualitative form,which need
to be translated into quantitative decisions.An important aspect to be
considered in the implementation of power systems controls is that,
in the restructured power system environment, several of these
activities will fall under the category of ancillary services. Therefore,
besides the technical issues, economic and financial infrastructure
should betaken into account in the design and implementation of
control schemes.Information regarding the state-of-the-art in the
application of intelligent systemsto power system problems can be
found on the bibliography listed in section VII.
4.DEVICES THAT CANCONTRIBUTE TO AN
INTELLIGENTSUBSTATION
4.1.SWITCHGEAR AND TRANSFORMER
The burden can be drastically decreased because the sensor signal
fromthe PCT is digitized at the sensor output edge and the load on
the PCT onlyreaches that of an A-D (analog-to-digital) converter.
Rogowski coils are used asthe current sensors and capacitive
potential dividers are used as the voltagesensors. These sensors
drastically reduce the size of the switchgear (see Fig. 2).

16. Fig. 2—Gas Combined Switchgear Miniaturization by Digital
CorrespondenceSensor. 550-kV GCS (gas combined switchgear) is
shown as an example.
GCB: gas circuit breaker CT: current transformer PT: potential
transformer
Present studies on miniaturizing conventional equipment have so far
beenaimed at standardizing series. Advanced miniaturization will be
attempted bydigitizing this system, corresponding to its need.
4.2.PROTECTION AND CONTROL
Intelligent substations require protection and control equipment to
beinstalled outdoors and this needs to be compact so that the local
cubicle is able tocontain them. Outdoor installation requires
improvements in insulation againstheat and airtightness besides parts
reliability. Compact protection and controlequipment will generate
demand for unified fabrication of protection/control andhigh-density
components. The current protection/control system that usescompact
equipment is described below.
5.LATEST PROTECTION ANDCONTROL SYSTEM
Trends in Protection and Control Systems :
Due to the rapid progress in today’s information field, applying
digitaltechnology and adding IT function to the protection/control
system are possible,to support stable power supply, and improve
maintenance. In Japanese protection/control systems, digitization has
made advances since the last half of the 1980s. Digital technology has
unique advantages, namely minimizingmaintenance and improving
reliability, and it has speeded up the conversion fromindividual

17. analog-type to digital-type relays. Now, however, digitization is not
only required for independent single-function equipment, but for the
“systematic operation and employment” of thewhole substation. Such
systems have greatly improved efficiency in employmentand
maintenance using IT. The key phrases to fulfill these needs are as
follows1) Slimming of total system as a protection control
equipment→ Unification of equipment(2) High efficiency of
employment/maintenance support using Ittechnology→ Extended
employment/maintenance by remote control(3) System directly linked
to the equipment for protection/control→ Distributed installation
near the apparatusThus, there has been a need for constructing a
high efficiency systemthrough system-wide miniaturization and
integration of IT.
5.1.UNIFIED PROTECTION ANDCONTROL UNIT
The protection and control units of the substation are designed
andallocated with respect to individual functions and uses.Units are
made according to their respective protection and control object.A
cable or an exclusive-use LAN transfers the information between the
protection/control equipment (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 3—Example of Combination of Optical LAN Application and
Protection/Control Equipment, and Problems of Large-scale
System.The present substation system consists of exclusive use of
LAN (local-areanetwork) for every information unit.
In detail, the information from the protective unit is transmitted to
DAU(data acquisition unit) by optical transmission, and is then
forwarded to thecontrol room terminal, which has superior control.
Such method is generally andcommonly used.

18. This system’s digital equipment, protection, control, and
informationobject equipment have a common basis. Therefore,
combining the control/ protection equipment of every circuit unit can
slim the total system.This equipment is compact, and configures the
protection and the controlunits in one cubicle. Thus, hardware is
reduced and there are considerablesavings in power consumption.The
functions of the operation unit, which is the central component of
theequipment, can be improved and shared, reducing the number of
sections. As thedimensions of the whole unit are reduced by 50%,
both the protection and controlunits can be configured into a single
unit. The characteristics of this single unitare discussed below:
(1) Operation unit
The protection and control units need to be separated in the
operation unit,which is equivalent to the center of the unit.Therefore,
the CPU (central processing unit) was separate and the use of ahigh-
performance 32-bit RISC (reduced instruction set computer)
processor enabled us to reduce the total number of boards to 70%.
(2) Input Transducer
The input transducer, providing input current and voltage to the
system,was until now, individually mounted away from the operation
unit. However adopting a toroidal coil reduced the space by half, but
doubled the number of mountings. The input section was improved
to the extent that it is only a cardmounted in the operation unit.
(3) Power unit
The power unit supplies power to the operation unit. As the number
of CPU boards applied to the operation unit has been reduced and
the application
Circuit for the protection/control unit has been standardized, the
power supplycapacity is halved as is the mounting space.

19. Consequently, the power unit has become so compact that it can be
mounted in the operation unit.
(4) Interface
By mounting the Ethernet* LAN port in the operation unit, it can
nowrespond to a flexible network configuration. Ethernet LAN is
based on the TCP(transmission control protocol)/IP (Internet
protocol), which is a general-purposestandard network interface. This
is a high performance all-in-one operation unit.We slimmed down the
system by mounting the protection and control equipment,which
until now had been independent, into a single 350-mm width panel
(seeFig. 4). The advantages of this equipment are as followsa)
Perfect isolation between protection and control unit from input
tooutput(b) Large reduction in installation space (Half the
conventional space)(c) Direct coupling between protection and
control unit by an isolatedinterface
5.2.
REMOTE CONTROL FUNCTIONS BY WEB CORRESPONDENCE
The amount of operation and maintenance needs to be reduced
anddetailed information in real time is required on the digital
protection and controlunit, during disturbances, or when the
operations manager is notified of changesin the status of local
equipment to ensure system stability. Also, there have beendemands
for remote operation, and manned-control-station operation to
remoteunmanned substations. A conventional digital panel saves and
analyzes systeminformation (the current/voltage data) when faults
occur, and the CPU has highlyautomated observation
functions.However, our system collects the voltage and current data
that is savedinside the panel, in the remote maintenance section, and
the results of automatic

20. Observation are analyzed and applied immediately. The system has an
interface,which directly acquires the data via the network from the
protection and controlunits in the substation.It is normally situated in
the processing unit and the various kinds of information and
operations supplied from the remote end, enable us to view progress
in the network (see Fig. 5).
Fig. 4: Compact Type Operation Unit and Single Protection/ Control
Equipment.The protection and control part are separated by
independent structure,and CPU, input transducer and power supply
unit are mounted in equipment. A protection unit is shown in the
right of this figure.The interface characteristics are as followscost
The TCP/IP which is widely used as the standard network interface
has been adopted, improving operability enabling easy access to
exclusivelyused networks. By using an ordinary browser, most
personal computerscan access the network easily.(2) The server is in
the panel, and individual and detailed information isdisclosed to the
operator as web-site information. Also, the information isaccessible
by many clients at the same time via an exclusive-use network,and
the data is the same even when faults occur.(3) By using an ordinary
browser, connection using a general public circuit is possible without
limiting the communication medium or use of theexclusive
network.The cost of the communication and network equipment is
reduced, and asthe system is highly efficient, it further reduces costs.
5.3.CONNECTION BETWEENPROTECTION/CONTROL
EQUIPMENTAND APPARATUS
In this system, the substation and the maintenance site are connected
withthe exclusive-use network in random time. The system can be

21. constructed withshared and same-time data. Furthermore, the control
and protection units aredispersed on the outside of the cubicle, with
the units and the equipmentcommunicating directly to one another.
As a result, a large-scale substationsystem can be constructed at low
a cost (see Fig. 6).The system has the following advantages because
the protection andcontrol units are placed near the equipment1)
Reduced mounting space for the protection and control uunit
(2) Reduced construction costs by shortening the cable route from
theequipment to the units, and the construction period(3) Higher
reliability of information because the e information from
theequipment is directly transmitted to the network.
Fig. 5— The Example of Construction of a Network and
Simultaneous Employment of Data.
By mounting general-purpose network interfaces as standard, it is
possibleto carry out operation and check the data simultaneously
with the equipment of the other site by the ordinary browser. From
now on, the system configurationincreasing operation efficiency is
also expected.Increased reliability is expected, as a higher class
network is multiplexedwith one for waiting and the f other for
regular use. Here, the regular diagnosis
For t each unit is possible, by establishing an exclusive-use a server in
both themaintenance site and the substation.Utilizing the system for
future diagnoses is possible.
Fig. 6—Direct Combination of Apparatus, and an Example of
Network Application.
Intensive management of equipment and protection/control
information isattained by arranging cubicle type protection/ control
equipment near theapparatus, and carrying out network combination
of this equipment.

22. 6.TASK FORCE SCOPE ANDGENERAL GUIDELINES
The established scope for TF 38.02.20 is as follows :
•To review the current implementation of power system controls,
including therole of human operators;
•To review changes in the operation and control requirements of
future power systems and identify the limitations of existing methods
of control in meetingthese requirements;
•To review advances in intelligent system techniques and identify
how theymay be applied to meet the expanded control requirements
of future power systems by complementing conventional controls and
replacing some of thefunctions performed by human operators;
•To develop guidelines for implementation of advanced controls
usingintelligent systems to assist in the secure and economic
operation of power systems in the new electric utility environment.In
order to narrow the broad range of topics that may be included
under the topics in the TF scope, some general guidelines were
established with theintention of helping the TF members on focusing
their work on aspects of the problem considered more relevant.
These guidelines are:
•Emphasis will be on operator decision aids as opposed to feedback
controlmethods or design. Operators are seen by many to have taken
a great amountof new responsibilities in the deregulated environment
without appropriateadvances in decision aids and so there is a clear
need of improvement inoperator tools.
Further, there is less consensus surrounding the use of intelligent
closed loopcontrol in reliability critical systems, such as the power

23. system, althoughintelligent controls are generally accepted as useful
in consumer productapplications.
•All intelligent system methods will be considered, which includes as
aminimum symbolic processing (e.g., rule-based systems, logic
programming,model-based reasoning), computational approaches
(e.g., fuzzy sets, artificialneural nets), evolutionary programming, and
genetic algorithms. The lines of separation among the various
categories of intelligent approaches have blurred in recent years. In
addition, these methodologies are more easilylinked in the types of
complex problems to which they are applied and thusfor
completeness in the applications, all methods should be considered.
•Consideration should be given to fundamental understanding of
operator needs and operational requirements, including interpretation
of output and presentation of analysis. There has been some concern
that operator needshave not been given the proper emphasis in
prototype control center applications, which has limited the
usefulness of the developed tools. Theremay be a need to initiate a
survey of operator needs and experience.
•Intelligent systems as an assistant for training operators should be
included inthe report. This may also be the natural link for including
operator experiencein developed systems. Training is seen by many as
one of the most useful andimportant applications of intelligent
system techniques.
•Management of uncertainties should be carefully considered,
including probabilistic techniques and risk analysis. There appears to
be greater needwithin the control center for understanding of risk
and uncertainties that willarise in a competitive environment. This is
particularly true as it relates to Financial risks. There appears to be
some role for intelligent systems inassisting the operators in the
management of risk.

24. •The scope of the report should be limited to operations with minor
consideration of operational planning but specifically does not include
planning. In the interest of time and focus, the report will serve a
better purpose by avoiding the broader issues that develop under
pplanning
6.1.TASK FORCE REPORT OUTLINE
The authors believe that an efficient way for the TF to perform its
duties is toagree upon a report outline and to assign writing
responsibilities to chapter leadeditors and contributors. Later, the
work performed by the members responsiblefor each chapter will be
reviewed and re-oriented, if necessary, at the Tfmeetings. Most of the
cooperative writing work is expected to be performed by e-mail. In
the following, a first draft of the report outline is presented to be
used asa starting point for the definition of its final version.
BACKGROUNDScope of applications :
•Limiting to power system operations
•Power system planning outside scope
Scope considered for intelligent system methods :
•Rule-based methods/Logic programming
•Model-based reasoning
•Artificial neural nets
•Evolutionary programming
•Approximate reasoning (fuzzy sets, certainty factors, etc.)
Sumary of report conclusions

25. POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONControl functions and time frames :
•Open and closed loop
•Time frames of interest Decision requirements in operations :
•Operator responsibilities
•Centralized vs. Decentralized
Limitations of existing tools :
•Response to changing and unforeseen conditions
•Usefulness of infrequently used applications
•Complexity of system prevents possibility of all situations being
fullyanalyzed
•Inability to improve with experience or easily incorporate experience
Trends in operations :
•State of the art
•Recent computational advancements
•Developments in static and dynamic security methodologies
•Survey (or discussion) of operator needs
•Movement towards real-time controls
Challenges arising from the new utility environment :
•New operator responsibilities
•Increasingly stressed systems
•Possibility of broader fluctuations in system operating conditions
arisingfrom power sales and contracts
•Data limitations; concerns of proprietary data

26. •Regulatory requirements/restrictions on centralized decisions
•Variations in regulations from region to region
APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT CONTROL METHODSFOR
OPERATIONSReview of previous CIGRÉ and other historical efforts:
•Preventive/security control: Static and Dynamic
•Emergency controls
•Restoration control
•Operational planning
•System design aids vs. Decision aids
State of the art and applicability :
•Review of methods
•Rule-base/logic approaches
•Artificial neural nets
•Approximate reasoning
•Evolutionary programming and genetic algorithms Limitation of
methods :
•Limits of formal performance measures
•Concerns with reliability of adaptive/learning methods
•Computational concerns for faster controls
•Implementation concerns New application areas identified by report
:
•Economic controls – interaction with trading and contracts
•Controls as ancilary services

27. IMPLEMENTATIONGuidelines/requirements :
•Hardware
•Software
•Control center integration Operator training/user
interfaceEvaluation/testing methodologies :
•Logical verification methods
•Simulation approaches Software maintenance and updates :
•Regular improvements in knowledge base
6.2.
SUMMARY OF PANELPRESENTATIONS
This panel presents five papers. The papers concern topics related
tosecurity assessment, emergency control and control center
operations under deregulation. These provide a sampling of problems
appropriate for applicationof Intelligent Systems techniques. The
papers are summarized in the following:
On-line Dynamic Security Assessment :
This paper describes experiences in developing an efficient and
effectivetool for online DSA and points out problems that can be
solved with artificialintelligence. Traditionally, the primary difficulty
for on-line dynamic security layin the required computational speed.
Recently, technological advances havegreatly increased processor
power and some former barriers have been removed.Still, there are
areas tasks that cannot be managed effectively on computationsalone
but require engineering judgement, experience and analysis. These
tasksmay be best addressed by Artificial Intelligence programming
techniques.

28. Using a Neural Network to Predict the DynamicFrequency Response
of a Power System to an Under-Frequency Load Shedding Scenario :T
His paper proposes amethod to quickly and accurately predict the
dynamic response of a power system during an underfrequency load-
shedding scenario. Emergency actions in a power System, due to loss
of generation, typically, calls for underfrequency Loadshedding
measures. Due to the slow and
Repetitious use of dynamic simulators,the need for a fast and
Accurate procedure is evident when calculating optimalloadshedding
Strategies. A neural network (NN) seems to be an ideal Solution for a
quick and accurate way to replace standard dynamic simulations. The
stepstaken to produce a viable NN and corresponding results will be
discussed.
Intelligent systems applications to emergencycontrol :This paper
discusses the needs for more effective emergency controlsystems and
the possibilities of using intelligent systems to reach this goal. The
paper provides also pointers to already published work on using
intelligentsystems in this context.
Control Centre Operations and Training underDeregulation A New
Zealand Example :
This paper presents an overview of the control centre
operationenvironment after deregulation in New Zealand. New
Zealand is one of leadingcountries that has deregulated the power
industry. As a result, the transmissionnetwork operation has become
more market driven. The control centre operationenvironment has
subsequently changed from low cost based to market
basedoptimization. The roles of the control centre personnel have
changed. There ismore focus on risk analysis, real time operational
planning and real-time power System security. A brief review of the

29. changes followed by some valid opinion of the control centre
personnel are also discussed in this paper.
CONCLUSIONS
We described the emerging new technology in the electricity
supplysystem. With the progress in communication technology and
expansion of IT-related technology, research and development have
also been progressing basedon the concept of an intelligent system,
not only on units or equipment, but alsothe constitution of the
system itself. It is entirely conceivable that the needs of future clients
will become even more diversified in this field. We will have tospeed
up the development and release of products that have compatibility
and arelow in cost, in accordance with the demands of these future
clients.