The standard Lorem Ipsum passage, used since the 1500s "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum." Section 1.10.32 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum", written by Cicero in 45 BC "Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?" 1914 translation by H. Rackham "But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness. No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful. Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it? But who has any right to find fault with a man who chooses to enjoy a pleasure that has no annoying consequences, or one who avoids a pain that produces no resultant pleasure?" Section 1.10.33 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum", written by Cicero in 45 BC "At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat

1. FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OFARTS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ISLAMABAD.
SPEAKERS:
AHMED ALI SHAH, AHMED RAMZAN, IRFAN BAIG, M. BASHARAT.
PRESENTING TO:
MS. SAIMA HALEEM.
SEMESTER:
7TH ECO (B).
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS.

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION.
LITERATURE VIEW.
METHODOLOGY.
HYPOTHESIS.
CONCLUSION.

3. SUBJECT:
INTRODUCTION TO URBAN ECONOMICS.
PROJECT TOPIC:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT URBAN
DESIGNS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.

4. INTRODUCTION:
• More than half of the world's population now lives in cities due to rapid urbanization,
and that number will rise to 69% by 2050. More than 70% of the world's CO2
emissions come from existing cities, which also contribute to the depletion of natural
resources and agricultural lands (FAO 2011). Cities of all shapes and sizes are the
engines of economic expansion in their respective nations and regions. They continue
to have an impact on the demand for energy produced from fossil fuels and natural
resources. Because of the inherent inertia of global energy infrastructures, the use of
fossil fuels is likely to increase in the near future before phase-out policies begin to
have a significant impact. It is anticipated that emerging economies, particularly
India, China, and the Middle East, will account for the majority of the rise in energy
demand, which coincides with an increase in the rate of urbanization and population
density in developing nations. Figure 2 depicts the trend of urbanization in developing
nations, which is anticipated to rise from 46% in 2010 to 63% in 2050. Figure 3
depicts the expected double-digit increase in population density over the next three
decades. It has been proposed that urbanization and population density will be the
primary determinants that will shape the future of cities in the 21st century. As a
result, it is urgently necessary to discover efficient strategies for both new and
existing urban areas in order to lessen the effects of climate change and strike a
balance between various aspects of sustainability.

5. LITERATURE VIEW:
AUTHORS YEAR CONCLUSION
Handy, S. L., Boarnet, M. G., Ewing, R., &
Killingsworth, R. E
2002 There is positive relationship between different
urban designs and environmental impacts.
Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D 2003 There is positive relationship between different
urban designs and environmental impacts
Zhang, J., Heng, C. K., Malone-Lee, L. C., Hii, D. J.
C., Janssen, P., Leung, K. S., & Tan, B. K.
2012 There is positive relationship between different
urban designs and environmental impacts
Ameen, R. F. M., Mourshed, M., & Li, H. 2015 There is positive relationship between different
urban designs and environmental impacts
Wallhagen, M., Eriksson, O., & Sörqvist, P. 2018 There is positive relationship between different
urban designs and environmental impacts

6. METHDOLOGY:
• To this study, the foremost issue to address is the scale of analysis.
Methodologies and tools related to macro-scale regional urban
studies and micro-scale building level simulations have been
developed in the past decades
• The second issue concerns the scope on which the intermediate
scale of urban analysis might focus. There are two aspects
appearing to be most prominent. One is related to the
environmental quality of urban open space as it is most pertinent to
people's outdoor experience, perception, and comfort.
• The case study approach is applied for this study. In total, seven
urban street blocks and residential precincts were selected and
examined based on their representativeness in terms of high
density-built form

7. HYPOTHESIS:
• 𝐻0 = There is positive relationship
between urban design and environment
impacts.
• 𝐻1 = There is negative relationship
between urban design and environment
impacts.

8. CONCLUSION:
• This study proposes a methodology to facilitate the exploration of the
environmental implications of density and the search for alternative built form
typologies with good environmental performance potential that can be further
examined in the context of high density urban development. The methodology
specified focuses on environmental analysis at the intermediate urban scale,
which is represented by urban street blocks or residential precincts, in that
environmental quality at this scale may have substantial impacts on both
building level (micro-scale) and urban level (macro-scale) environmental
performances. The primary concerns of the proposed methodology are the
performances of building facades and ground level open spaces as they may
have direct and indirect implications to people's experiences, perceptions,
comfort, and building energy consumption. A “Normalization+Replication”
approach was proposed to examine the “theoretical performance” of a given
built form typological case in a theoretically homogeneous context so as to
control the uneven impacts of the peculiar context in reality. The proposed
methodology can be applied for evaluation and comparison of the
environmental performance of different built form typologies under a certain
built densities.

9. THANK YOU 